There are many careers in psychology. Psychology includes both research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behavior, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems. Psychology is an extremely varied field. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality.

As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation, and analysis.  But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings.

Psychologists are frequently innovators, inventing new approaches to people and societies. They develop theories and test them in their research as they collect new information, these findings can be used by practitioners in their work with clients and patients.

As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, court rooms, schools and universities, prisons and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury, selection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crush or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the shock of the event.

Involved in all aspects of our world, psychologists must keep up with what is happening around us. When you are a psychologist, your education never ends.

Most psychologists say they love their work. They say that they have a variety of daily tasks and the flexibility of their schedules.

The study of psychology is a good preparation of many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and the experience with statistics and experimental design.

Psychology is a very diverse field with hundreds of career paths. We all know about caring with mental and emotional disorders. Some others jobs like helping with the design of computer systems are less well-known. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the mind and behaviors of both humans and animals.

 

 

Vocabulary

 

career – возможности трудоустройства

as scientists – будучи учеными

creative – творческий, креативный

innovators-изобретатели, инноваторы

practitioner -практик

to treat – лечить

intelligence –интеллект, ум

personality – личность, характер

executives – руководители

to reduce –уменьшать

performance – результативность, производительность

victim –жертва

to recover from the shock of the event –восстанавливаться после шока произошедшего

flexibility of their schedules – гибкость их расписания дня

to interpret data –интерпретировать данные

experimental design –дизайн эксперимента

career paths- карьерные возможности

disorder –расстройство, нарушение

 

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions.

 

1 What does the field of psychology include? Psychology includes both research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behavior, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems.

2. What is research in psychology concerned with? It is concerned with people.
3. What do psychologists do? Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality.
4. Where do psychologists work? As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, court rooms, schools and universities, prisons and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury, selection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crush or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the shock of the event.
5. What skills many employers are interested in? Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and the experience with statistics and experimental design.

 

1. Fill the gaps with the words from the text.
2. The field of psychology includes both research and practice.
3. As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods, such as observation, experimentation and analysis.
4. As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, court rooms, schools and universities, prisons and corporate offices.
5. When you are a psychologist, your education never ends.
6. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data.

 

III. Which of the following sentences are true or false.

 

1. The field of psychology includes practice, research and clinical psychology. False.
2. As scientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, psychoanalysis. False.
3. Psychologists are frequent innovators. They invent new approaches to people and societies. True.
4. Psychologists work with performers, sportsmen and businessmen. True.
5. Psychologists help victims and bystanders of disaster. True.

 

1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

1. There are more careers in psychology than in mathematics and history.
2. As Psychologists we should be intelligent, creative, understanding and innovative.
3. It is difficult to diagnose some psychological disorders. It is more difficult to treat them.
4. Victims and bystanders of such disasters as plane crash live in stress long after the accident.
5. Psychologists often provide help for people with different mental disorders.

 

1. В психологии больше профессий, чем в математике и истории.
2. Работая психологами мы должны быть умными, творческими, понимающими и новаторами.
3. Некоторые психологические расстройства трудно диагностировать. Их сложнее лечить.
4. Жертвы и свидетели таких бедствий, как авиакатастрофа, переживают стресс после аварии.
5. Психологи часто оказывают помощь людям с различными психическими расстройствами.

 

1. Translate the following sentences into English.
2. Практическая психология использует результаты исследований для решения разнообразных задач.
3. Будучи учеными, психологи используют научные методы.
4. Психология очень разнообразна. Психологи занимаются исследованиями, работают консультантами, преподают психологию в школах и университетах.
5. Практикующие психологи работают в клиниках, лабораториях, больницах, судах, школах, тюрьмах и корпорациях.
6. Психологи напряженно работают, чтобы найти ответы на разнообразные исследовательские вопросы.
7. Practical psychology uses the results of research to solve a variety of problems.
8. As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods.
9. Psychology is very diverse. Psychologists research, work as consultants, teach psychology at schools and universities.
10. Clinical psychologists work in clinics, laboratories, hospitals, courts, schools, prisons and corporations.
11. Psychologists are working hard to find answers to a variety of research questions.

 

TEXT 2

What type of psychologist would you like to be?

Psychologists specialize in different areas within the field of psychology. Let’s look at some of the options available for you.

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. These vary from short-term crisis, divorce to chronic problems, such as schizophrenia. Some clinic psychologists treat specific problems exclusively such as phobias, or clinical depressions. Other focus on specific groups: youngsters, ethnic minority groups, and the elderly, for example.

Counseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to fight with their problems. Counseling psychologists do counseling and psychotherapy, teaching and scientific research with individuals of all ages, families, and organizations (schools, hospitals, businesses). Counseling psychologists help people understand and take action on career and work problems. They pay attention to how problems and people differ across life stages. Counseling psychologists have great respect for the influence of differences among people (such as race, gender, sexual orientation, religion) on psychological well-being. They believe that behavior is affected by many things, including qualities of the individual (psychological, physical or spiritual factors) and factors in the person’s environment (family, society and cultural groups).

Educational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place. They consider a variety of factors, such as human abilities, student motivation and the effect of the classroom of the diversity of race, ethnicity and culture.

Industrial/organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and quality of work life. Many serve as human resources specialists, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development. And others work as management consultants in such areas as strategic planning and quality management.

Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism. They help clients adapt to their situation, frequently working with other health care professionals. They deal with issues of personal problems and interpersonal relations.

School psychologists work directly with public and private schools. They assess and counsel students, consult with parents and school staff.

 

Vocabulary

 

options – варианты, опции

clinical psychology –клиническая психология

behavioural disorder – нарушение поведения

short- term –краткосрочный

schizophrenia -шизофрения

phobias-страхи, фобии

ethnic minority –национальные меньшинства

gender –пол

sexual orientation – сексуальная ориентация

improving productivity-улучшение производительности

human resources specialists- специалисты отдела кадров

staffing – подбор персонала

stroke – удар, инсульт

mental retardation – умственная отсталость

cerebral palsy — церебральный паралич –

to assess- оценивать

 

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions.

 

1. What do clinical psychologists do? Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.
2. What do counseling psychologists do? Counseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to fight with their problems.
3. What do educational psychologists concentrate on? Educational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place.
4. What are the goals of industrial/organizational psychologists? Industrial/organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and quality of work life.
5. What can rehabilitation psychologist do for people with stroke? Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism

 

1. . Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

1. Clinical psychologists treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Examples of these are phobias and schizophrenia.
2. Some clinical psychologists treat specific problems exclusively and some focus on specific groups.
3. Young people and elderly people are examples of specific groups that clinical psychologists focus on.
4. Counseling psychologists help people to understand their problems.
5. Nowadays the work of the school psychologist has become very actual and important.
6. Практикующие психологи изучают психические, эмоциональные и поведенческие расстройства. Примерами этого являются фобии и шизофрения.
7. Некоторые практикующие психологи изучают только особенные проблемы, а некоторые сосредоточены на конкретных группах.
8. Молодые люди и пожилые люди являются примерами конкретных групп, на которых сосредоточены клинические психологи.
9. Психологи-консультанты помогают людям понять свои проблемы.
10. В настоящее время работа школьного психолога стала очень актуальной и важной.

III. Discuss in the group.

 

1. How attractive is each career for you? Why and why not? I think that my career is attractive for me. I like to work with people and to understand their problems.
2. How prestigious is each career for you? To my mind my career is prestigious for me. We live in the 21th century. People often get stressed and they need help.
3. How well-paid is each career? Is it important for you? These careers are well-paid because it is connected with people. It is very important for me.
4. How perspective is each career for your career growth? Every career is perspective for your career growth.

 

1. Fill in the table.

 

	Place of work	Job description
Clinical psychologist	Clinics, hospitals	Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders.
Counseling psychologist	schools, hospitals, businesses	Counseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to fight with their problems.
Educational psychologist	Schools, universities	Educational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place.
Rehabilitation psychologist	Hospitals, clinics	Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism.
School psychologist	schools	School psychologists work directly with public and private schools. They assess and counsel students, consult with parents and school staff.
Industrial/organizational psychologist	Organizations, businesses	Industrial/organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and quality of work life.

 

 

1. Translate the following sentences into English.

 

1. Клинические психологи лечат эмоциональные и поведенческие нарушения.

2.Некоторые клинические психологи занимаются исключительно специальными проблемами.

3. Консультирующие психологи помогают людям распознать проблемы в семье и на работе. Они уделяют огромное внимание тому, на каком этапе жизни находится пациент. Консультирующие психологи также относятся с уважением к окружению и личным качествам пациента.
4. Многие индустриальные психологи работают в отделах кадров крупных фирм и занимаются подборкой кадров, тренингами и развитием работников.
5. Пациентами реабилитационного психолога являются люди, перенесшие инсульты, умственно отсталые, страдающие церебральным параличом, эпилепсией, аутизмом.

 

 

1. Clinical psychologists treat emotional and behavioral disorders.
2. Some clinical psychologists deal exclusively with special problems.
3. Consulting psychologists help people recognize problems in the family and at work. They pay great attention to the stage of life the patient is in. Consultant psychologists also treat with respect to the environment and personal qualities of the patient.
4. Many industrial psychologists work in the departments of personnel of large firms and are engaged in the selection of personnel, training and development of workers.
5. Patients of the rehabilitation psychologist are people who have suffered strokes, mentally retarded, suffering from cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism.

 

TEXT 3

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PSYCOLOGIST AND A PSYCHIATRIST?

 

The work of psychologists and psychiatrists has much in common. Both psychologists and psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy and counseling cervices. Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions plus psychotic, neurotic and personality disorders and dysfunctions. Both professionals are granted the right to make such diagnosis by law while other doctors cannot. Both psychologists and psychiatrists help people maintain and enhance their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and interpersonal functioning.

However, there are some important differences in training and special skills. Psychiatrists as medical doctors can prescribe medications for psychological distress. Psychologists do not prescribe medications, instead focusing their treatment on psychotherapy. In addition, psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.

The education of psychologists provide knowledge of psychological and emotional problems, personality and human development, integrated with specialized training in how to apply this knowledge  to helping people with emotional distress and other problems in living. The psychologists’ training in research allows them to evaluate the best ways to help people and to make decisions on what helps and what doesn’t help different people with various situations.

Psychologists also specialize in psychological testing. Psychological tests are used in situations where there are questions about what a person’s particular problem is. For example, psychologists may use psychological tests to determine whether a child has a learning disorder. Psychologists also use psychological tests in legal cases or any time where uncertainty about what is is troubling an individual. Psychological tests can include assessments of personality styles, tests of emotional well-being, intellectual (IQ) tests, tests of academic achievement, and tests for possible brain damage. The use of psychological tests requires years of training that involves not only learning  how to give the tests, but also how to integrate all the information from a variety of tests, background information, interviews and knowledge of theories, research, psychological problems, personality and human development. Psychologists are the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.

It is important to be aware that there can be broad differences in training and philosophy among psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers and other therapists which can often lead to widely differing treatment approaches and understandings of psychological or emotional problems.

Vocabulary

 

counseling services – консультационные услуги

dysfunction – дисфункция

personality disorder – расстройство личности

to be granted the right – быть наделенным правом

to maintain – поддерживать

to enhance – расширять, улучшать

to prescribe – прописывать

to apply knowledge – применять знания

to evaluate – оценивать

brain damage – повреждения мозга

 

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions?

                                              

1. What services can psychologists and psychiatrists provide to people? Both psychologists and psychiatrists can provide psychotherapy and counseling services.
2. What professionals are granted the right to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions? Both professionals are granted the right to make such diagnosis by law while other doctors cannot.
3. What professionals are granted the right to prescribe medications? Psychiatrists as medical doctors can prescribe medications for psychological distress.
4. What does the education of psychologists include? The education of psychologists provide knowledge of psychological and emotional problems, personality and human development, integrated with specialized training in how to apply this knowledge to helping people with emotional distress and other problems in living.
5. When do psychologists do psychological tests? Psychological tests are used in situations where there are questions about what a person’s particular problem is.

 

1. Fill in the table.

 

Duties	PSYCHOLOGIST	PSYCHIATRIST
provide psychotherapy and counseling cervices	+	+
may use psychological tests to determine whether a child has a learning disorder	+
prescribe medications for psychological distress		+
specialize in psychological testing	+
the only mental health professionals who are fully trained and qualified to use psychological tests.	+
are trained to diagnose neuropsychological disorders and dysfunctions plus psychotic, neurotic and personality disorders and dysfunctions	+	+
are granted the right to make such diagnosis by law while other doctors cannot.	+	+
help people maintain and enhance their physical, intellectual, emotional, social and interpersonal functioning	+	+

 

III. Translate from Russian into English.

 

1. В своей работе и психолог, и психиатр имеют очень много общего.
2. Психиатр должен иметь высшее медицинское образование.
3. Психиатр имеет право выписывать медицинские рецепты.
4. Психолог помогает человеку понять, в чем состоит проблема и помогает решить ее.
5. На мой взгляд, работа этих специалистов очень важна сейчас.

 

1. In their work, both psychologist and psychiatrist have a lot in common.
2. A psychiatrist must have a higher medical education.
3. A psychiatrist has the right to prescribe medical prescriptions.
4. A psychologist helps a person to understand what the problem is and helps to solve it.
5. In my opinion, the work of these specialists is very important now.

 

1. Make a short plan of the text.

1. The work of psychologists and psychiatrists
2. Some important differences
3. The education of psychologists

 

1. Retell this text according to your plan.

 

TEXT 4

Biography of Sigmund Freud

 

Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His father was a small merchant, and Freud’s mother was his second wife. Freud had two half-brothers some twenty years older then he was. His family moved to Vienna when he was four years old, and though he often said he hated the city, he lived there until it was occupied by Germany in1938.

Freud was a good student, and very ambitious. In 1873 he entered the medical school of the University of Vienna.  He hoped to go into neurophysiological research, but pure research was hard to manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy. Freud was engaged and needed to be able to support a family before he could marry, and so he determined to go into private practice with a specialty in neurology.

During his training he made friends with Josef Breuer, another physician and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases together. Freud went to Paris for further study under Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist known all over Europe for his studies of hysterics and use of hypnosis. In1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married.

In 1900, Freud published the Interpretation of Dreams, and introduced the public to the notion of the unconscious mind. In 1901, he published the Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which he theorized that forgetfulness or slips of the tongue (now called “Freudian slips”) were not accidental at all, but it was the “dynamic unconscious” telling us something meaningful.

In 1902, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and began to gather devoted disciples who by 1906 formed a Psychoanalytic Society. Other such groups emerged in other cities. But such disciples as Alfred Adler and Karl Jung split from the group.

Freud continued working, developing his theories and writing large volumes of work.

In 1923, he was diagnosed with cancer of a jaw, a result of years of cigar smoking. He was 67. He would have 30 operations over the next 16 years to treat the progressive disease. When Nazis took over Austria in 1938, Freud’s passport was confiscated and his books burned. Freud left Austria and he and his family went to England. He died in London in September, 1939.

 

Vocabulary

ambitious – амбициозный

private practice — частная практика

specialty — специализация

neurology — неврология

to specialize — специализироваться

case — случай из практики
notion — понятие

to theorize -описал теорию

forgetfulness — забывчивость

accidental — случайный

meaningful — имеющий значение

devoted — преданный

to emerge — появляться

disciples — последователи (дословно – апостолы)

to split — откалываться, отходить

cancer — рак

jaw – челюсть

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions?

                                              

1. Where and when was Sigmund Freud born? Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856.
2. How many children were there in Freud’s family? Freud had two half-brothers some twenty years older then he was.
3. Where did Freud study? In 1873 he entered the medical school of the University of Vienna.
4. Why didn’t he choose the career of a neurophysiologic researcher ? He hoped to go into neurophysiological research, but pure research was hard to manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy.
5. When did Freud publish his first book? He published it in Vienna.

 

1. Make up sentences with the following expressions.
2. To open a private practice. He opened a private practice.
3. To support a family. Children should support a family.
4. To specialize in something. He specializes in something.
5. To reveal something meaningful. He revealed something meaningful.
6. To fall victim of something. My dad fell victim of something.

 

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

1. During his training he made friends with Mary very beautiful young lady.
2. My grandfather was a small merchant, so our family was rather respectful.
3. In 1987, my uncle was appointed professor at the University of Moscow.
4. Larry was a good student, and very ambitious.
5. Jerry left Austria and he and his family went to England.

 

1. Во время тренировки он подружился с Мэри, очень красивой молодой девушкой.
2. Мой дедушка был мелким торговцем, поэтому нашу семья весьма уважали.
3. В 1987 году мой дядя был назначен профессором Московского университета.
4. Ларри был хорошим учеником и очень амбициозным.
5. Джерри покинул Австрию, и он и его семья отправились в Англию.
6. Translate the following sentences into English.

 

1. В наши дни во всех высокоразвитых странах доктора имеют частную практику.
2. Каждый человек хочет иметь преданного друга.
3. Этот амбициозный психолог помолвлен с очень красивой и состоятельной девушкой.
4. Очень много людей в нашей стране умирают от рака.
5. Забывчивость нашего учителя всегда огорчает меня.

 

 

1. Nowadays doctors have private practice in all highly developed countries.
2. Everyone wants to have a faithful friend.
3. This ambitious psychologist is betrothed to a very beautiful and wealthy girl.
4. A lot of people in our country die from cancer.
5. Forgetfulness of our teacher always upsets me.
6. Read and translate the following quotations by Sigmund Freud. Choose one quotation and write an essay on the topic outlined in the quotation.
7. Being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise.
8. A man should not strive to eliminate his complexes, but to get into accord with them; they are legitimately what directs his conduct in the world.
9. It is always possible to bind together a considerable number of people in love, so long as there are other people left over to receive the manifestations of their aggression.
10. Just as a cautious businessman avoids investing all his capital in one concern, so wisdom would probably admonish us also not to anticipate all our happiness from one quarter alone.

 

Have you ever asked yourself this question: «How Honest Are You With Yourself?»

Why is it so important to ask yourself this question? Because it could mean the difference between reaching your dreams and simply going around in circles (or always being confused why you’re not getting anywhere). It could also mean the difference between getting what you «really» want and getting what «you only think» you want (meaning, you only think you want it, because deep down inside, others want it for you, and you want to please them).

If you think about it, if you’re not completely honest with yourself in certain areas of life, you will not have the power (or will not be in the position) to change what’s holding you back from success in those areas. Basically, if you don’t admit to yourself that you’re living a lie, you’ll continue to live a lie. If you continue to deny the fact that you’re being dishonest with yourself, you will not have the power to change the things that need to be changed.

On the other hand, the moment you become more honest with yourself, things will start to change. Positive things will start to happen. And it’s because you will all of a sudden have the power to change things. Besides, not being your «true self,» as well as pretending that you like doing certain things even when you don’t, are tiring. Living a lie simply drains a lot of energy from you.

 

TEXT 5

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS

 

World War II created a greater need for classification system of mental disorders. The existence of several different classification systems as APA (American Psychological Association), the US Army, and the US Navy, and the Veterans Administration (which all had separate classification systems) made communication among mental health professionals difficult. Therefore, in 1952 the American Psychological Association created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM), which was designed to be the standard for mental health classifications in the US. The DSM has since undergone four revisions.

Diagnostic criteria for the most common mental disorders include description, diagnosis, treatment, and research findings. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association. The book is considered the “bible” for any professional who makes psychiatric diagnoses in the United States and many other countries. Some of the disorders described in the manual are listed below.

Anxiety Disorders include different types of phobias, obsessive- compulsive disorder (obsessive thoughts and compulsive rituals), and panic disorder (panic attacks). Anxiety is a feeling of tension associated with a sense of threat of danger when the source of the danger is not known. In contrast, fear is a feeling of tension that is associated with a known a sense of danger. It is normal for us to have some mild anxiety present in our daily lives. However, heightened anxiety is emotionally painful. It disrupts a person’s daily functioning.

Eating Disorders are characterized by disturbances in eating behavior. This can mean eating too much, not eating enough, or eating in an extremely unhealthy manner. Many people argue that simple overeating should be considered a disorder, but at this time it is not in this category. Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa (self imposed starvation) and cyclothymic (binge eating and dieting).

Mood Disorders include those where the primary symptom is a disturbance in mood. To be diagnosed with a mood disorder, your feelings must be to the extreme. Mood disorders include bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder (mania with depression), dysthymic disorder (prolonged minor depression with mania) and major depressive disorder (major depression without mania).

Personality Disorders are a group of mental disturbances defined as a pattern of inner experiences and behaviors that are rigid and deep – seated to bring a person into repeated conflicts with his or her social and occupational environment.  In addition, the patient usually sees the disorder as being consistent with his or her self image and may blame others. They include antisocial personality disorder (impulsive, aggressive, manipulative), borderline personality disorder (impulsive, self- destructive, unstable), paranoid personality disorder (suspicious, distrustful), suspicious personality disorder (socially distant, detached) and others.

Substance Related Disorders include alcohol dependence, cocaine dependence, nicotine dependence, seductive dependence. Other disorders listed in the manual include autistic disorder, dementia and delirium.

 

Vocabulary

 

mental disorder – психическое расстройство

diagnostic criteria- диагностический критерий

 

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions.

                                              

1. What can you say about diagnostic criteria for mental disorders? Diagnostic criteria for the most common mental disorders include description, diagnosis, treatment, and research findings.
2. What Anxiety Disorders can you name? Anxiety Disorders include different types of phobias, obsessive- compulsive disorder (obsessive thoughts and compulsive rituals), and panic disorder (panic attacks).
3. How can we name overeating? Many people argue that simple overeating should be considered a disorder, but at this time it is not in this category. Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa (self imposed starvation) and cyclothymic (binge eating and dieting).
4. What can we say about Mood Disorders? Mood Disorders include those where the primary symptom is a disturbance in mood.
5. How can we describe Personality Disorders? Personality Disorders are a group of mental disturbances defined as a pattern of inner experiences and behaviors that are rigid and deep – seated to bring a person into repeated conflicts with his or her social and occupational environment.

 

1. Make a classification of Mental Disorders in your exercise-book.

Anxiety Disorders

Eating Disorders

Mood Disorders

Personality Disorders

Substance Related Disorders

 

 

III. . Translate the following sentences into Russian.

 

1. Every science has a greater need for classification system of components.
2. This book is considered the “bible” for any professional in psychology.
3. There is a great difference between anxiety and fear.
4. Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa (self imposed starvation) and bulimia nervosa (binge eating and dieting).
5. Substance Related Disorders include alcohol dependence, cocaine dependence, nicotine dependence, seductive dependence.
6. Каждая наука имеет большую потребность в системе классификации компонентов.
7. Эта книга считается «библией» для любого профессионала в психологии.
8. Существует большая разница между беспокойством и страхом.
9. Расстройства пищевого поведения включают нервную анорексию (голодание) и нервную булимию (поедание в больших количествах и диета).
10. Заболевания, связанные с веществом, включают зависимость от алкоголя, зависимость от кокаина, зависимость от никотина, соблазнительную зависимость.

 

1. Transcribe the following words.

 

Manipulative |məˈnɪpjʊlətɪv|  impulsive |ɪmˈpʌlsɪv|

 

cyclothymic |ˌsʌɪklə(ʊ)ˈtimɪk|    obsessive- compulsive |əbˈsɛsɪv| |kəmˈpʌlsɪv|

anorexia |ˌanəˈrɛksɪə nɛrvoza |     dysthymic|disˈtimik|

 

1. Translate the following sentences into English.

 

1. Переедание или слишком малое принятие пищи – очень опасные симптомы.
2. Постоянная тревожность разрушает жизнь человека.
3. Перепады настроения существенно влияют на работу и общение.
4. Подозрительность и агрессивность портят  и осложняют жизнь.
5. Классификация психических рассройств была принята в США в 1952.

 

1. Overeating or too little eating is a very dangerous symptom.
2. Constant anxiety destroys a person’s life.
3. Mood swings significantly affect work and communication.
4. Suspicion and aggression spoil and complicate life.
5. The classification of mental disorders was adopted in the United States in 1952.

 

TEXT 6

Memory

 

          If you do not use your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody would think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know that the memory works in the same way. When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly, either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really mans that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong. The position is exactly the same as that of two people, one of whom exercises his arms and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a motor car all day.

If a friend complains that his arms are weak, we know that it is his own fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think his parents are to blame, or that he is just unlucky, and few of us realize that it is just as much his own fault as if it was his arms and legs that were weak. Not all of us can become extremely strong or extremely clever; but all of us can, if we have ordinary bodies and brains, improve our strength and our memory by the same means-practice.

Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write usually have better memories than those who can? Why is this? Of course, because those who cannot read or write have to remember things: they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember dates, times, and prices, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised. So if you want a good memory, learn … to practice remembering.

(Hill L.A., Fielden R.D.S. Further Comprehension and Precis Pieces for Overseas Students, p74).

 

Notes

do not seem to know- по-видимому, не знают

his parents are to blame- нужно винить его родителей

just as much his own fault- в той же мере его собственная вина

is … being exercised- тренируется

 

Vocabulary

to blame-винить

brain- мозги

to complain- жаловаться

to exercise- тренироваться, упражняться

to improve-улучшать, усовершенствовать

to notice-замечать

opportunity-возможность

to practice- практиковаться

strength-сила

either consciously or unconsciously- сознательно или бессознательно

one’s own fault- чья-то собственная вина

 

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions?

 

1. Have you ever thought about the quality of your own memory? No, I haven’t.
2. Why is it necessary to give it enough exercise? When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really mans that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong.
3. What useful means of training one’s memory could you suggest? You should learn something every day, associate the memory with the environment. Try to visit intellectual games.
4. Is it important to have a good memory? Yes, it is very important to have a good memory.
5. What sort of information do you remember better^ names, numbers, dates, times? I remember better names and dates.

 

1. Find synonyms .

 

1. a) 1. to memorize- to learn, to notice — to observe, to doubt — to disbelieve, to improve — to better;
2. b) 1. Strong — powerful, clever — intelligent, weak- strengthless, poor — bad, lucky — happy

 

III. Translate from English into Russian.

 

1. If memory is to improve, it must be exercised daily.
2. If the students are to get a good education they must read widely on various subjects.
3. If we are to become stronger, we must have a lot of exercise.
4. Memory, like body, must be exercised daily.
5. It was not possible to solve a new problem by the same means.

 

1. Если память нужно улучшить, то делать необходимо это ежедневно.
2. Если студенты должны получить хорошее образование, они должны много читать по различным предметам.
3. Если мы хотим стать сильнее, мы должны много тренироваться.
4. Память, как и тело, нужно тренировать ежедневно.
5. Невозможно решить новую проблему одними и теми же способами.

 

1. Translate from Russian into English.

 

1. Люди, которые жалуются на плохую память, не всегда понимают, что они сами в этом виноваты.
2. Дети должны много учить наизусть, если мы хотим, чтобы у них развивалась память.
3. Некоторые люди сознательно тренируют свою память, запоминая даты, числа и тому подобное.
4. Обучаясь иностранному языку, очень важно иметь хорошую память.
5. Запомнить лекцию, не записывая ее,- прекрасное упражнение для памяти.

 

1. People who complain about a bad memory, do not always understand that they themselves are to blame for this.
2. Children should learn a lot by heart if we want them to develop a memory.
3. Some people consciously train their memory, memorizing dates, numbers and others.
4. Learning a foreign language, it is very important to have a good memory.
5. Remembering the lecture without writing it is a great exercise for memory.

 

1. Discuss in groups.

 

1. What do you think is the best method of learning? The best method of learning is memorizing texts, facts, dates.
2. a) memorizing texts, facts, dates …
3. b) creative thinking (logical reasoning) without committing things to memory …
4. c) a combination of both/
5. How do you practice your memory? Do you have to reread the text several times or repeat it silently to remember it? I practice my memory every day. I try to remember a lot of dates. I do not have to reread the text several times.
6. In what field of human activity do you think a good memory is most useful? (in arts, theatre, teaching, science, cinema, book –keeeping). I think that in science a good memory is most useful.

 

 

 

TEXT 7

Dreams

 

The fascination of dreams has been felt by all people at every stage of human history. In primitive societies it is sometimes believed that the soul takes leave of the body during sleep and actually visits the scenes of the dream. In general, however, the view that dreams are illusory experiences is universally accepted.

To the psychologist, the dream is a form of natural expression which occurs only when the activity of the brain is depressed by sleep or by the influence of anaesthetics or drugs. It has much in common with the fantasies and day-dreams of waking life and differs from them mainly in being expressed in a dramatic form in which the dreamer himself appears to play a part. When dreaming, moreover, one tends to believe in the “reality” of the dream world, however inconsistent, or illogical it may be. It is only when one awakes that happenings of the dream dissolving into a half-forgotten fantasy.

The sense of time is often said to be greatly altered in dreams. There is some evidence that dream happenings which seem to occupy a very considerable time occur, in fact, within a few seconds.

People differ very much in the frequency of their dreams. Some claim to dream every night, others but very occasionally. Although it is probable that there exist real individual differences in the capability to dream, it must be borne in mind that some people appear to forget their dreams much more rapidly than others and are therefore apt to claim that they seldom dream.

Many superstitions and occult practices have been built round the supposed power of dreams foretell the future. Instances of dreams which have later turned out to be “prophetic” have often been recorded.

Do animals dream? Unfortunately we cannot be sure of the answer. Everyone knows that a sleeping dog often behaves as though he were dreaming, but it is impossible to tell whether it is really dreaming. By analogy with human experience, however, it is reasonable to suppose that at least the higher animals are capable of dreaming.

(Mozaika Angielska. 1965 №5, pp.6-7// Reprint from: The Home /Editors L.E. walt and R. Sinclair).

Notes

 

the fascination of dreams – очарование снов

soul and body- душа и тело

to have much in common —

 

 

Exercises

 

1. Answer the following questions?

                               

1. How often do you dream? I dream every day.
2. Do you generally dream at the beginning or at the end of your sleep? Usually I dream at the end of my sleep.
3. Do you often forget your dreams? I don’t forget my dreams.
4. Why do we remember some of our dreams for a long time? We remember some of our dreams for a long time because we want they to come true.
5. Do you like your dreams? Yes, I like my dreams.

 

1. I Translate the following phrases into Russian

.

An influential person, frequent occurrences, analogous experiences, primitive superstitions, a sensible argument, a considerable influence, occult powers, the utilization of knowledge.

 

Влиятельный человек, частые пhоявления, аналогичные переживания, примитивные суеверия, разумный аргумент, значительное влияние, оккультные силы, использование знаний.

III. Fill the gapes.

 

1. Superstition is an idea or practice based on belief in magic or the like, irrational fear of what is unknown or mysterious.
2. Occult means secret; only for those with more than ordinary knowledge; supernatural, magical.
3. …a) person, who teachers religion and claims that his teaching comes to him directly from God; Priest
4. b) teacher of a new theory, cause etc. William Morris was one of the representatives of the early socialism;
5. c) person who tells, or claims to tell what will happen in the future. Forecaster.

 

1. Translate from English into Russian.

 

1. People usually have their most vivid dreams during a personal crisis.
2. External influences can change one’s dreams while one is actually dreaming.
3. Freud, the famous psychologist, considered that dreams were messages from the dreamer’s subconscious self.
4. Yung, one of Freud’s students, believed that it was impossible for a psychiatrist to understand a stranger’s dream.
5. A lot of research is being done into dream today.

 

1. Люди обычно имеют самые яркие мечты во время личного кризиса.
2. Внешние влияния могут изменить мечты, пока вы действительно мечтаете.
3. Фрейд, известный психолог, считал, что сны — это сообщения от подсознательного Я.
4. Юнг, один из учеников Фрейда, считал, что психиатру невозможно понять мечту незнакомого человека.
5. Сегодня многие исследования ведутся во сне.
6. Translate from Russian into English

 

1. Люди обычно быстро забывают свои сны.
2. Следует помнить, что сновидения — это очень сложное явление человеческой психики.
3. Изучая психику животных, можно предположить, что они способны к сновидениям.
4. Известно, что люди видят разные сны.
5. Раньше считалось, что пророки могут предсказывать будущее.

 

1. People usually forget their dreams quickly.
2. It should be remembered that dreams are a very complex phenomenon of the human psyche.
3. Studying the psyche of animals, we can assume that they are able to dream.
4. It is known that people see different dreams.
5. It used to believe that prophets can predict the future.

 

 

 

TEXT 8

SOLITUDE IS SOMETIMES THE BEST SOCIETY

Occasional solitude is absolutely necessary for a developing mind. To have time to think is rare in the world today and time must be made. To continue living working without moments of solitude is like expecting a machine to work indefinitely without oil.

Solitude is the best society for artists. The creation of any form of beauty depends upon the state of a man’s mind, whether the person writes something or paints something. To know one’s mind is a thing achieved only by solitude and quiet thinking. And it is this peace that is the force of creation.

But few people like being alone for a long time. The close society of acquaintances and friends, doing useless things to pass the time. These are the necessities of the modern world. People are afraid of having time to think, so they go to the cinema, the television set, or a football match, because they can think of nothing better to do. Creative work is fast disappearing; instead, we’ll have a generation of watchers and thought will be left to the poets and scientists.

Some people wouldn’t know what to do being alone at times. Finding other people’s company preferable to their own, they begin to feel unhappy and grow introspective. Self-analysis can be carried too far by some; others lose the art of conversation, and ability to give and take and so run indefinitely without oil…

But to the rest of us solitude brings new worlds. When we think and feel, unwatched by man, ideas and feelings come to us, and we get new strength instead of becoming

lost in a hurrying world. Ideas and knowledge of oneself that come from peace are the best things in life; these come only from solitude — occasional solitude, of course [Lapidus B. A., Neusihina M. M., Sheidina I. L. More English through Practice. E 300 — 301].

Note

Some people wouldn’t know…— Некоторые люди не знают…

1. Answer the following questions.
2. Have you ever thought that you do not have enough solitude? No, I haven’t ever thought about it.
3. Do you think that moments of solitude may be necessary only for creative workers? I think that moments of solitude may be necessary only for creative workers.
4. What kind of society would you like to be in when you feel happy (unhappy or discontented)? I would you like to be in a discontented society when I feel happy.
5. Are there times when it is very difficult for you to stay alone? Yes, there are times when it is very difficult for me to stay alone.
6. What does the art of living among other people consist in? The art of living among other people consist in understanding people, communicating with them.

 

1. Make the nouns (e. g. active — activity) and translate them.

Passive — passivity, general — generality, particular — particularity, familiar — familiarity, special — specialty, relative — relativity, cre­ative — creativity, sensitive — sensitivity, regular — regularity.

 

Пассивный- пассивность, общий — общность, особенный — особенность, знакомый — знакомство, специальный — специальность, относительный — относительность, креативный — креативность, чувствительный — чувствительность, регулярный — закономерность.

 III. Describe a person’s character using these adjectives.

warm, friendly, enthusiastic, outgoing, easy to please; quick to show appreciation, a fascinating talker, an even better listener, you feel comfortable with yourself and therefore with everyone else you have a passionate interest in experiencing, in living, in relating to people.

1. Take part in tests.

By means of these questionnaires [kwestja’nesz] find out more about yourself and your acquaintances.

1. Are you an introvert or an extrovert?
2. You are invited to a party. What is your reaction?
3. a) Good! I hope I meet some new people.
4. b) I don’t want to go. Nobody spoke to me at the last party I went to.
5. c) I love parties. I like being the centre of attention.
6. You are at the party. Everyone is telling jokes.
7. a) You have dozens of jokes to tell.
8. b) You manage to remember a couple of jokes.
9. c) You can’t think of a single joke to tell.
10. You realize that you have nothing planned for Saturday night.
11. a) You are frantic. You ring up some friends and arrange an outing to the cinema.
12. b) You think, «It’s time I had an evening in».
13. c) You think, «It’s a good chance to read more of my new library book».
14. Do you take risks?
15. a) Sometimes.
16. b) Never.
17. c) Often.
18. You are asked to help organize a class excursion:
19. a) You accept willingly. You are sure that you can organ­ize things well.
20. b) You hesitate for a moment and then accept.
21. c) You are terrified. You refuse.
22. How do you spend most of your leisure time?
23. a) By yourself. *
24. b) With one or two friends.
25. c) With a group.
26. Do you ever think about the meaning of life?
27. a) Sometimes.
28. b) Often.
29. c) Never. I’m too busy living.
30. Do you find it easy to make decisions?
31. a) It depends.
32. b) It is always easy to decide.
33. c) I can never make up my mind.
34. You have a new boy-friend I girl-friend. Your friends tease you about him/her and make jokes.
35. a) You don’t mind at all.
36. b) You smile. You don’t mind being teased.
37. c) You are embarrassed. You don’t like people making fun of you.
38. Somebody in your class is saying horrible things about you. a) You get worried about it.
39. b) You don’t care what they say.
40. c) You begin saying horrible things about them.
41. а) —3 b) —1 с) —5

2.а) —5   b) —3   с) —1

3. а) —5 b) —3 с) —1
4. а) —3 b) —1 с) —5
5. а) — 5 b) — 3 с) —1

6.а) —1   b) —3  с) —5

7. а) — 3 b) —1 с) —5
8. а) — 3 b) — 5 с) —1
9. а) —5 b) —3 с) —1
10. а) —1 b) —5 с) —3

35— 60points: You are a true extrovert. You enjoy being in a group. You have lots of self-confidence. You are an active practical person, and you are outward-looking. You enjoy making decisions and taking risks. But be careful, don’t be too much sure of yourself. Remember that you can hurt sen­sitive people by your lack of understanding.

26 — 34points: Like many people, the outside world is as important to you as your own inner world. You are sometimes in between the extrovert and the introvert, and you can have the good qualities of both. But be careful that you haven’t all the bad qualities!

10 — 25points: You are a true introvert. Your inner world of dreams and ideals is more important than the external world. You are not realistic and practical. You do not like show­ing your feelings to other people, in case they hurt you. Use your sensitivity to appreciate beautiful things and un­derstand other people’s feelings [текст составлен по: Mozaika. 1973. N 2. E 10].

 

В.Are you a sociable person?

Questions and answers.

When your friends get together you can play this game. Everybody will like it.

 

Task 1

Everybody must answer these questions. The answers should be either «yes» or «no».

1. Has any of your friends ever deceived you?
2. Do you think you know people well?
3. Do you prefer to travel alone?
4. Do you like to meet other people often?
5. Do you know all the people who live in your house?

Task 2

What statements, in your opinion, are correct:

1. Friends cannot be substituted by either music, or arts, or films, or poetry, or sports and games.
2. Even your friend will leave you in trouble.
3. First think of your friend and then of yourself.
4. You should not demand of your friends too much.
5. The more friends you have, the better.

Task3

Of these seven good features select two which you would like to see in your friend. You’d like your friend to be:

1. sincere 5. intelligent
2. devoted 6. modest
3. resourceful 7. interesting
4. beautiful (handsome)

Now that you’ve fulfilled all the tasks, check the result:

Task3 sincere — 30 devoted — 40 resourceful —10 beautiful (handsome) — 6 intelligent — 8 modest— 15 interesting — 5

If your score is less than 140 points you are not sociable. It is not because you yourself can’t make a good friend. It’s rather because you do not believe that there is real friendship. Learn to trust people.

A score of 141 to 180 points shows that you know people well and make friends easily. You have good friends you can rely on, and you yourself never let your friends down.

A score of over 181 points gives you a full right to say, «Well, friends? I have quite a lot. I hardly know how many I have». «But are they your real friends? Of course you make friends quite easily, but you can as easily hurt their feelings and lose them» [текст взят из кн.: Read and Speak. M., 1976. E 157 — 158, 182].

 

Task 1	Yes	No	Task 2	Yes	No
1.	15	5	1.	5	15
2.	20	2	2.	3	12
3.	4	12	3.	20	1
4.	4	8	4.	20	6
5.	15	8	4.	20	6