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1. Read the text. Translate paragraphs 1, 2, 8 in written form:

Computers

• There are many different types of computers in the world today. Computers are operating at the bank, in your car, and at the grocery store. Many of these computers are special-purpose computers. There are also general-purpose computers in the office, at home and at school, versatile enough to handle all kinds of tasks.

В настоящее время в мире существует много видов компьютеров. Компьютеры используют в банке, в машине, бакалейно-гастрономическом магазине. Многие из них являются компьютерами специального назначения. Существуют также обычные компьютеры в офисе, дома и в школе, достаточно универсальные для того, чтобы справиться со всеми видами задач.

• What is a computer? Simply put, a computer is a device that processes raw data into useful information. A computer is completely electronic. That is, all its functions are carried out with electrical signals. A computer is programmable. It can be instructed to do whatever we tell it to do.

Что такое компьютер? Компьютер – это устройство, которое переделывает необработанные данные в полезную информацию. Компьютер является полностью электронным устройством. Это потому, что все его функции  выполняются с помощью электрических сигналов. Компьютер можно программировать. Ему можно задать выполнить любую задачу.

• The most common kind of general-purpose computer in use today is the personal computer or microcomputer. Nowadays the use of personal computers has grown greatly. They are used for all kinds of tasks.
• Microcomputers form the most common of the four classes of general-purpose computers; the other three classes are minicomputers, mainframe computers and supercomputers. Microcomputers, besides relying on a microprocessor, are the smallest and are generally designed for a single user.
• Minicomputers, larger than microcomputers are generally intended for small-to medium-sized groups of users in business and other organizations.
• Mainframe computers can take up a whole room and process large volumes of data.
• Supercomputers, the most sophisticated ones, are used for performing complex computations by the government, research organizations, and large industrial groups.
• A computer can replace people in dull routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. It can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

Компьютер может заменять людям выполнение скучных рутинных задач, но он работает согласно заданным инструкциям. Он может решать ряд задач и выполнять тысячи логических решений, и при этом не устает. Он может найти решение проблемы  за гораздо меньше времени, чем на это потребуется человеку.

2. Answer the questions in writing:

• What two main types of computers do you know? I know special-purpose computers and general-purpose computers in the office, at home and at school, versatile enough to handle all kinds of tasks.
• What is a computer? A computer is a device that processes raw data into useful information.

3) What are minicomputers intended for?  Minicomputers are generally intended for small-to medium-sized groups of users in business and other organizations.

Where are supercomputers used? Supercomputers

4) Supercomputers are used for performing complex computations by the government, research organizations, and large industrial groups.

3. Match the worlds on the left with the words on the right:

4. Use the verb in brackets in the suitable form. Then translate the sentences into Russian:

• If you try very hard, you can master any language. Если ты будешь очень усердно трудиться, то ты сможешь овладеть любым языком.
• If you or I add two numbers of six figures without a calculator, it will take us a lot of time. Если ты или я будем добавлять два числа из шести цифр без калькулятора, то это займет много времени.
• I would help you to solve this problem if I had Я бы помог решить тебе эту проблему, если бы у меня было время.
• If it was necessary to increase the speed of this particular engine, it could be achieved by using a special device. Если необходимо увеличить скорость этого особенного двигателя, то этого можно достичь с помощью специфического устройства.
• They will be able to carry out the experiment if they receive all the necessary equipment. Они смогут провести эксперимент, если они получат все необходимое оборудование.
• If the engineer had been informed of the results before, he would have allowed you to repeat the test. Если бы инженеру заранее сказали о результатах, он бы позволил тебе повторить экперимент.
• If the satellite’s speed was less than required, it would drop and enter the atmosphere. Если бы скорость спутника была меньше необходимой, то он бы упал и проник в атмосферу.
• The students wouldn’t have broken the new apparatus if they had been more careful. Студенты не сломали бы новый аппарат, если бы они были более осторожными.

5. Underline Participle Constructions. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
6. Having been constructed recently a new electronic device has important applications in space exploration.
7. Being supplied with a special appliance a television set may have a remote control.
   1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the access time.
   2. The control unit interpreting instruction is one of the important parts of any computer system.
8. All the necessary preparations having been done, the operator began assembling the machine. Проведена вся необходимая подготовка, оператор начал собирать машину.
9. Mendeleyev having arranged the elements in a table, the existence of yet unknown elements could be predicted.
10. The central processing unit controls the operation of the entire system, commands being issued to other parts of the system.
11. There are a lot of experimental problems nowadays, the problem of air pollution being one of the most important.

6. Underline the infinitives and define their functions. Translate the sentences into Russian.:

• Computers were applied to reduce computational time. В функции обстоятельства. Для уменьшения времени вычисления были изобретены компьютеры.
• To integrate large numbers of circuit elements into a small chip, transistors should be reduced in size. В функции обстоятельства.
• Vacuum tubes to control and amplify electric signals were invented by Neumann. В функции определения. Ньюман изобрел электронные трубки для контроля и приема электрических сигналов.
• Computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. В функции обстоятельства.
• To use integrated circuit technology new computers were built. В функции обстоятельства.
• The problem to be solved is of great importance for the development of this branch of industry. В функции определения. Проблема, которую нужно решить, очень важна для развития этой отрасли индустрии.
• Facilities are required to house the computer equipment. В функции обстоятельства.

7. Underline Infinitive Constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian:

• It was not difficult for the pupils to understand the function of the mouse in computer operation. Ученикам было нетрудно понять функцию мышки в работе компьютера.
• We know the machine to react to a series of electrical impulses that can be represented in binary numbers.
• These data appeared to have been investigated long ago.
• They want their son to become a computer operator and to design new computer models. Они хотят, чтобы их сын стал компьютерным оператором и разрабатывал новые модели компьютеров.
• Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. Известно, что принтеры отличаются в исполнении и дизайне.
• The mechanism is known to be provided with special automatic devices for the whole system.
• We expect a computer to work for at least several hours without a fault. Надеемся, что компьютер будет работать, по крайней мере, несколько часов без ошибок.

8. Translate the sentences into Russian:

• It was in 1953 that serial production of computers in Russian started. Именно в 1953 году началось серийное производство компьютеров в России.
• It is the gravitation that makes the satellites move round the Earth. Именно гравитация заставляет спутники двигаться вокруг земли.
• It was in 1948 that American scientists invented the transistor. Именно в 1948 году американские ученые изобрели транзистор.
• It was the invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20^th century that was a starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Именно изобретение электронных ламп в начале 20-го века стало началом быстрого развития современной электроники.
• It was the transistor invented by American scientists that completely replaced the vacuum tube. Именно транзистор, изобретенный американскими учеными, полностью заменил электронную трубку.

Контрольная работа №3

Вариант 2.

1. Read the text. Translate paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4 in written form:

Application of Computers

• At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in creating, processing, storing and jut working with information. Computers have become commonplace at homes, offices, stores, schools, research institutes, plants.
• The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different decisions and in management of economy.
• Computers form a part of many military systems including communications and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.
• Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.
• Computers are widely used in medicine. They have become valuable medicine diagnostic tools. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. Then the views can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.
• Air traffic control is impossible without computer application. It fully depends upon computer generated information.
• At home we use a computer to communicate with friends, play games, buy airline tickets, and keep track of finances. The same computer can be used again at work for correspondence, financial analysis, compiling and analyzing data, communicating with clients, and thousand other tasks.
• Many other users of computers that we can’t imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

2. Answer the questions in writing:

• How are computers used in medicine?
• Where are computers applied in military systems?
• What do computers do in industry?
• What for do we use computers at home?

3. Match the worlds on the left with the words on the right:

4. Use the verbs in brackets in suitable forms. Then translate the sentences into Russian:

• If you (to want) to master any language, you must know at least three thousand words.
• Time will be saved if you (to use) a computer.
• If the earth (not to rotate) it wouldn’t have the shape of a ball.
• If the mechanic (to be) here, he would repair the equipment.
• They will be able to improve the design if they (to change) some details.
• If the road had been better, you (to be) there in due time.
• If I (to be) you, I would worry about it.
• This accident wouldn’t have happened if the driver (to be) more careful.

5. Underline Participle Constructions. Then translate the sentences into Russian:

• Having obtained the required results we informed the manager of this fact.
• Being built on the basis of transistors lasers are successfully used in technology.
• A simple laboratory experiment showing this principle is shown in this figure.
• Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth every day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.
• The necessary data having been obtained, we could continue our experiment.
• Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions passing through it.
• An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.
• Most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage.

6. Underline infinitive and define their functions. Translate the sentences into Russian:

• Computers were designed to perform thousands of computations per second.
• Mark I was the first machine to solve mathematical problems.
• To make computers more reliable transistors were used.
• Analytical engine was invented to store data.
• An English inventor Charles Babbage gave his analytical engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations.
• Information to be put into the computer should be coded into ones and zeroes.
• Data are processed to become useful information.

7. Underline Infinitive Constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian:

• There is no reason for computers experts to use computers of the first generation now.
• We know all data to be translated into binary code before being stored in main storage.
• The first transistors are known to have been developed in the USA in 1948.
• Engineers expect these new devices to the tested very soon.
• A lot of techniques are believed to be used in the design of printers.
• The text was very interesting but rather difficult for the students to translate it without a dictionary.
• Scientists considered silicon to be one of the best materials for the creation of an integrated circuit.

8. Translate into Russian:

• It was the Russian mathematician P. Chebyshev who invented an arithmometer.
• It was on April 26, 1755 that the opening of Moscow University took place.
• It was Jack Kilby who developed the concept of integrating device and built the first integrated circuit (IC) in 1958.
• It is with the help of the radio that we receive most of the information from the satellites.
• It was under Academician Glushkov that small-size computers were designed and tested at the Institute of Cybernetics.