Complete the sentences 1-10, choosing one of the given variants (a, b, c). For each right answer you will get 0,5 points. Write your answers on the sheet.

 

1. Though simple electric and magnetic phenomena ………… since ancient times,

most basic laws of electricity were discovered between 1784 and 1831.

1. a) was known  b) have been known   c) have known
2. After the text about the advantages of electricity………… the students went on

reading about the application and consumption of electricity.

1. a) had read  b) had been read   c) has been read
2. We………… the resistance in each case before we begin to carry out the

experiment.

1. a) calculate  b) will have calculated   c) will calculate
2. During the autumn of 1831 M. Faraday established the scientific foundation

from which our electrical age ………….

1. a) has developed  b) has been developed   c) developed
2. He assumed that for many years the only practical electric invention made by B.

Franklin …………. the lightning-rod.

1. a) had been  b) has been   c) was
2. In 1825 Sturgeon …………. the first electromagnet, the device in which

magnetism was generated by an electric current.

1. a) exhibited  b) was exhibited   c) had exhibited
2. They claimed that the battery was one of those devices that………… more than

once.

1. a) has been invented  b) had invented   c) had been invented
2. Scientists believe that by the end of the 21-st century the whole

mankind…………with the new kinds of energy.

1. a) will be provided  b) will have been provided   c) will have provided
2. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. No

other source of energy………… so widely used as electricity.

1. a) have been b) was; c) has been
2. M. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction which led to the

development of the electric dynamo and motor. He ………… lots of

experiments before he published the results.

1. a) has made  b) made   c) had made
2. Vocabulary

Read the text and fill in the gaps 1-10, choosing one of the variants (а, b, с). For each right answer you will get 0,5 points. Write your answers on the sheet.

Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a (1)______of electric charge. Many experimental results and the development of Maxwell’s equations indicated that both electricity and magnetism are from a single phenomenon: (2)______.The transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks (3)______, dynamos and induction motors were designed.

Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others. Electricity and all its observable effects (4)_____ properties of stationary or moving electric charges.

Static electricity. Static electricity (5)______by rubbing an insulating material such as a polyethylene rod with dry cloth.

Electrostatic induction. Although nothing is repelled by both polyethylene and cloth, uncharged pieces of material (6)______to both. These results from a phenomenon called electrostatic induction. The paper is neutral overall, but the (7)_____ of the charged polyethylene redistributes the charges in the paper.

Coulomb’s law and electric field. The magnitude of the force between two charges depends on their size, distance apart, and the substance they are in. The force is (8)______ to the product of the charges, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them – a relationship known as Coulomb’s law. Thousands of (9)______ of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are (10)_______and unquestionable.

1	a)	consumption	b)	appearance	c)	property
2	a)	dynamo	b)	electromagnetism	c)	power
3	a)	were set up	b)	were based	c)	were transformed
4	a)	generate	b)	result from	c)	double
5	a)	can be invented	b)	can be designed	c)	can be produced
6	a)	are covered	b)	are reduced	c)	are attracted
7	a)	influence	b)	state	c)	energy
8	a)	proportional	b)	efficient	c)	regulated
9	a)	advantages	b)	applications	c)	transformations
10	a)	latest	b)	longstanding	c)	recent

    Translate into Russian:

1. Though simple electric and magnetic phenomena have been known since ancient

times, most basic laws of electricity were discovered between 1784 and 1831.

2. During the autumn of 1831 M. Faraday established the scientific foundation

from which our electrical age has developed.

3. M. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction which led to the development

of the electric dynamo and motor. He had made lots of experiments before he

published the results.

4. The manifestation of electricity is that some substances, such as amber and

glass, when rubbed with silk or fur can attract small bits of paper.

5. We`ll have calculated the resistance in each case before we begin to carry out

the experiment.

6. He assumed that for many years the only practical electric invention made by B.

Franklin had been the lightning-rod.

7. The fact is that B. Franklin introduced the terms “plus” and “minus” or

“positive” and “negative” electricity. He is also well-known for his discovery

that electricity and natural lightning are of the same nature.

8. After the text about the advantages of electricity had been read the students went

on reading about the application and consumption of electricity.

9. They claimed that the battery was one of those devices that had been invented

more than once.

10. In 1825 Sturgeon exhibited the first electromagnet, the device in

which magnetism was generated by an electric current.

1. Хотя простые электрические и магнитные явления были известны с древних времен, основные законы электричества были открыты в 1784 -1831 годах.
2. Осенью 1831 года М. Фарадей заложил научную основу нашего электрического века.
3. М. Фарадей открыл электромагнитную индукцию, которая привела к созданию электрического динамо-машины и двигателя. Прежде чем опубликовать результаты, он провел множество экспериментов.
4. Проявление электричества заключается в том, что некоторые вещества, такие как янтарь и стекло, при трении шелком или мехом могут притягивать крошечные кусочки бумаги.
5. Мы рассчитаем сопротивление в каждом случае перед тем, как приступить к эксперименту.
6. Он предположил, что на протяжении многих лет единственным практическим электрическим изобретением, сделанным Б. Франклином, был громоотвод.
7. Дело в том, что Б. Франклин ввел термины «плюс» и «минус» или «положительное» и «отрицательное» электричество. Он также известен своим открытием, что электричество и молния имеют одну и ту же природу.
8. После того, как текст о преимуществах электричества был прочитан, студенты продолжили чтение о применении и потреблении электричества.
9. Они утверждали, что аккумулятор был одним из тех устройств, которые изобретались не раз.
10. В 1825 году Стерджен представил первый электромагнит — устройство, в котором магнетизм создавался электрическим током.

 

ВАРИАНТ № 2

I      Grammar

Complete the sentences 1-10, choosing one of the given variants (a, b, c). For each right answer you will get 0,5points. Write your answers on the sheet.

 

1. Many electricity- related discoveries such as the invention of the electrostatic

generator classification of conductors and insulators …  by the 17th century.

1. a) were made b) have been made             c) had been made
2. The 1st Tidal Power Plant (TPP) in our country using the power of seas and

oceans……. at the Barents Sea inside the Arctic Circle for 5 years

1. a) was building                b) has built             c) has been built
2. After the TPP (Tidal Power Plant) ……… and the equipment set up it was

towed by the sea, 100 km away, to be placed on the sand-gravel platform

prepared by divers.

1. a) was constructed b) has been constructed       c) had been constructed
2. The world’s third biggest Tidal Power Plant at Swansea Bay in the UK

involving the construction of breakwater facilities … .by 2022.

1. a) will be completed b) will have been completed       c) will have completed
2. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal energy … from relatively high cost

and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high ranges or flow velocities.

1. a) has suffered                b) is suffered              c) have suffered
2. Ассording to the declaration ‘’coal’s bottom line’’ of the UN, 20 countries from

Europe, America and Africa … generating energy from coal in 10 years.

1. a) will stop                b) stopped              c) will have stopped
2. Some researchers and archeologists stated that ancient ceramic pot with a set of

copper sheets and a rod of iron dated 600 A.D.  … a battery, galvanic cell for

electroplating or electrotherapy.

1. a) were b) had been             c) have been
2. Benjamin Franklin is acknowledged as an outstanding scientist a founder of the

theory of atmospheric electricity and the inventor of a means of protecting

against the disastrous effect of lightning –the rod. Since that time, he …a great

public figure.

1. a) has become b) became            c) had become
2. International group of specialists that has developed a project “Green Sahara”

simulated lots of situations. To see the risks a great deal of experiments …

before.

1. a) had been carried out             b) have been carried out          c) were carried out
2. Researchers from the Maryland University are ready to present a project about

grand works in the Sahara. The biggest in the world desert … green area by

means of wind and solar farms in 40 years. They are absolutely sure.

1. a) will be turned into b) will turn into        c) will have been turned into

 

II       Vocabulary

Read the text and fill in the gaps 1-10, choosing one of the variants (а, b, с). For each right answer you will get 0,5points. Write your answers on the sheet.

 

Invention (device or process) is creation of new devices, objects, ideas or procedures useful in accomplishing human objectives. The process of invention is invariably (1)________ by one or more discoveries that help the inventor solve the problem at hand. A discovery may be (2)______,such as the discovery of X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen while he was experimenting with cathode rays ,or induced, such as the invention of the lightning rod by Benjamin Franklin after he proved that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.

In most countries, certain classes of inventions are legally (3)____and any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or material, or any new and useful improvement of these, may be protected by patent.

The earliest artifacts show (4) ____of human inventiveness. Though early stone and metal tools were crude, they (5)______their purposes—protection and food gathering. It is at that time that the development of simple political systems, and the invention of the wheel (6)___

Invention (7)____ steadily throughout the period of written history, but since the advent of printed books, people all over the world have been able to get (8)________with the discoveries of the past for use as a basis for further discoveries and inventions.

The machine age, which began with the Industrial Revolution and continues to this day, (9)_______ from a group of inventions, the most important of which include the use of fossil fuels, the development of electricity and electronics.

In some cases, though two individuals independently achieved the same innovation (10)____,only one was recognized. For example, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell applied for a patent on the telephone on the same day.

 

1. A preceded  B provided          C prescribed
2. A careless     B accidental        C  incidental
3. A found   B supplied           C recognized
4. A evidence   B fact                   C sign
5.   A aimed   B fulfilled            C relied
6.   A took part B came                 C occurred
7. A lasted                    B occupied            C proceeded
8. A over   B free                    C acquainted
9. A developed              B began                C intended
10. A simultaneously   B spontaneously   C quickly

 

 

Translate into Russian:

 

1. Scientists believe that by the end of the 21-st century the whole mankind

will have been provided with the new kinds of energy.

2. Electricity has provided mankind with the most efficient source of energy. No

other source of energy has been so widely used as electricity.

3. Electricity has many important applications in our life. For example, the latest

laser electrical devices have found application in medicine.

4. The practical use of electricity on a larger scale became possible after

electromagnetic machines, generators and transformers had been developed.

5. Not only the strong emotions of fear have worked against nuclear power. Energy

demand has been growing more slowly than expected lately.

6. It is known that the cost of electricity generation has been influenced by the

development of electromagnets made with superconductors.

7. It is considered that the development of the induction motor has become the

most important technical achievement in the history of electricity invention.

8. The generator was developed in Paris. It replaced the batteries and other devices

that had been used before.

9. That different wind energy plants have been built is also well-known. These

energy plants can be small (of several kilowatts) and large powerful systems.

10. It is important to use such renewable sources of energy as the sun, wind,

geothermal energy and others. Research has been carried out in these fields for

many years.

 

1. Ученые считают, что к концу 21 века все человечество будет обеспечено новыми видами энергии.
2. Электричество предоставило человечеству наиболее эффективный источник энергии. Ни один другой источник энергии не использовался так широко, как электричество.
3. Электричество имеет множество важных применений в нашей жизни. Например, новейшие лазерные электрические устройства нашли применение в медицине.
4. Практическое использование электричества в большем масштабе стало возможным после того, как были разработаны электромагнитные машины, генераторы и трансформаторы.
5. Не только с сильными эмоциями страха была связана ядерная энергетика. Спрос на энергию в последнее время растет медленнее, чем ожидалось.
6. Известно, что на стоимость производства электроэнергии повлияло развитие электромагнитов, сделанных из сверхпроводников.
7. Считается, что разработка асинхронного двигателя стала важнейшим техническим достижением в истории изобретения электричества.
8. Генератор был разработан в Париже. Он заменил батареи и другие устройства, которые использовались раньше.
9. Также хорошо известно, что были построены различные ветроэнергетические установки. Эти энергетические установки могут быть небольшими (в несколько киловатт) и большими мощными системами.
10. Важно использовать такие возобновляемые источники энергии, как солнце, ветер, геотермальную энергию и другие. Исследования в этих областях ведутся уже много лет.