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Oil and natural gas are naturally occurring chemicals that are made up of just two elements – carbon and hydrogen. The class of chemicals based on carbon and hydrogen is called hydrocarbons. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Other hydrocarbons like octane and octadecane have more complicated structures. Plastics are made of molecules called polymers that are very long chains of hydrocarbons.

How Are Oil and Natural Gas Formed?

Stage 1 — All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed.

Stage 2 — As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantly of plant material produced natural gas.

Stage 3 — After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today.

Where is Petroleum Found?

Oil and natural gas reserves are found in many parts of the world. In the past, demand was low and reserves were easy to find. In fact, the first users of oil depended on surface seepage for their supplies. However, as demand has increased, all the easy-to-find oil has been used.

Today, oil exploration takes place in some of the most challenging places on earth. We are now looking for new oil reserves thousands of feet under the ocean and in areas of climatic extremes.

Will We Run Out?

We don’t have to worry about running out of oil or natural gas any time soon. At our current rate of use, we have oil and natural gas reserves to last 60-90 years. And while the total amount of oil and natural gas isn’t increasing, our ability to find and extract oil and natural gas from new sources expands almost every day!

We now produce natural gas from buried coal seams, oil and natural gas from deep deposits located miles beneath the surface of the earth, and in the deep ocean, hundreds of miles offshore and in water depths greater than 10,000 feet.

Finding economical ways to extract oil from coal tars and oil shales could provide supplies for hundreds of years.

The oil and natural gas industry is also investing in alternative energy such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass to make these potential energy resources more reliable and affordable to meet the growing need for energy.

2. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов:

Химические вещества; углерод; водород; метан; октан; октадекан; сложные структуры; цепочки углеводородов; поглощали энергию солнца; слой осадочной породы; наряду с; растительный материал; мигрировать сквозь крошечные поры; окружающая порода; месторождения нефти и природного газа; непроницаемые слои породы или глины; спрос; зависели от нефтепроявлений на поверхности земли; нефтеразведка; самый сложный; обеспечивать запасы; инвестировать в альтернативные источники энергии; растущая потребность в энергии.

Chemicals; carbon; hydrogen; methane; octane; octadecane; complex structures; hydrocarbon chains; absorbed the energy of the sun; layer of sedimentary rock; as well as; plant material; migrate through tiny pores; surrounding rock; oil and natural gas fields; impermeable layers of rock or clay; demand; depended on oil manifestations on the surface of the earth; oil exploration; the most challenging; provide supplies; invest in alternative energy sources; growing demand for energy.

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are oil and natural gas? Oil and natural gas are naturally occurring chemicals that are made up of just two elements – carbon and hydrogen.

2. What is methane? The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.

3. What did oil and natural gas originate from? All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed.

4. What determined the material becoming oil or natural gas? The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas.

5. What happened after oil and natural gas were formed? After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock.

6. What did the first users of oil depend on? In fact, the first users of oil depended on surface seepage for their supplies.

7. Where does oil exploration take place today? Today, oil exploration takes place in some of the most challenging places on earth.

8. How long do we have oil and natural gas reserves to last? At our current rate of use, we have oil and natural gas reserves to last 60-90 years.

9. Where do we now produce oil and natural gas from? We now produce natural gas from buried coal seams, oil and natural gas from deep deposits located miles beneath the surface of the earth, and in the deep ocean, hundreds of miles offshore and in water depths greater than 10,000 feet.

10. What alternative energy do you know? The oil and natural gas industry is also investing in alternative energy such as wind, solar, geothermal and biomass to make these potential energy resources more reliable and affordable to meet the growing need for energy.

11. Try to describe all the three stages of oil and gas formation.

Stage 1 — All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed.

Stage 2 — As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantly of plant material produced natural gas.

Stage 3 — After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today.

4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Нефть и природный газ – это химические вещества, состоящие из двух элементов: углерода и водорода. Поэтому эти вещества называются углеводородами.

2. Метан – это самый простой углеводород, так как он состоит из одного атома углерода и четырех атомов водорода.

3. Миллионы лет назад в океане обитали микроскопические растения и животные, которые поглощали энергию солнца и накапливали эту энергию в виде молекул углерода.

4. За миллионные лет сформировались слои осадочных пород.

5. Уровень давления, температуры, а также тип биомассы, определяли, чем станет материал.

6. После того, как нефти и газ сформировались, они начинали мигрировать через поры в породе.

7.Некоторые залежи нефти и природного газа попадали под непроницаемые слои породы или глины.

8. За последние несколько лет спрос на нефть вырос, поэтому всю легкодобываемую нефть мы уже использовали.

9. Должны ли мы беспокоиться, что нефть скоро закончится?

10. Нефть и природный газ можно добывать в месторождениях глубоко под землей, а также в нескольких милях от берега на глубине более 10 000 футов.

11.Необходимо вкладывать средства в развитие альтернативных источников энергии, чтобы удовлетворить потребности человечества в энергии.

1. Oil and natural gas are chemicals which are made up of two elements: carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, these substances are called hydrocarbons.

2. Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon as it is made up of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

3. Millions of years ago, the oceans were inhabited by microscopic plants and animals that absorbed the energy of the sun and stored this energy in the form of carbon molecules.

4. Over millions of years, layers of sedimentary rocks were formed.

5. The level of pressure, temperature, as well as the type of biomass, determined what the material would become.

6. After the oil and gas formed, they began to migrate through the pores in the rock.

7. Some oil and natural gas deposits have been trapped under impermeable layers of rock or clay.

8. Over the past few years, the demand for oil has grown, so we have already used all the easily produced oil.

9. Should we be worried that oil will run out soon?

10. Oil and natural gas can be mined in deposits deep underground, as well as several miles from the coast at a depth of more than 10,000 feet.

11. It is necessary to invest in the development of alternative energy sources in order to meet the energy needs of mankind.