Read and translate the text. Write down the translation of the first paragraph.

 

Budget

1.The process of calculating the costs of starting a small business begins with a list of all necessary purchases including tangible assets (tor example, equipment, inventory) and services (for example, remodelling, insurance), working capital, sources and collateral. The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve and a description of the expected financial results of business activities. The assets should be valued with each and every cost. All other expenses are like labour, factory overhead, all freshmen expenses are also included into business budgeting.

Процесс расчета затрат для начала малого бизнеса начинается со списка всех необходимых затрат, включая материальные активы (например, оборудование, инвентарь) и услуги (например, переделка, страхование), оборотный капитал, источники и залог. Бюджет должен включать объяснение, как вы определили сумму этого резерва и описание ожидаемых финансовых результатов хозяйственной деятельности. Активы должны быть оценены. Все другие расходы, такие как затраты на рабочую силу, заводские расходы, все расходы начинающих также включены в бизнес-планирование.

 

2. The budget of a company is often compiled annually. A finished budget, usually requiring considerable effort, is a plan for the short-term future, typically one year. While traditionally the Finance department compiles the company’s budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands of people in various departments (operations, human resources, IT, etc.) to list their expected revenues and expenses in the final budget.
3. If the actual figures delivered through the budget period come close to the budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been successfully driving it in the intended direction. On the other hand, if the figures diverge wildly from the budget, this sends an ‘out of control’ signal, and the share price could suffer as a result.

4.A budget is a fundamental tool for an event director to predict with reasonable accuracy whether the event will result in a profit, a loss or will breakeven. A budget can also be used as a pricing tool.

5. There are two basic approaches or philosophies when it comes to budgeting. One approach focuses on mathematical models, and the other on people.
6. The first school of thought believes that financial models, if properly constructed, can be used to predict the future. The focus is on variables, inputs and outputs, drivers and the like. Investments of time and money are devoted to perfecting these models, which are typically held in some type of financial spreadsheet application.
7. The other school of thought holds that it is not about models, it is about people. No matter how sophisticated models can get, the best information comes from the people in the business. The focus is therefore in engaging the managers in the business more fully in the budget process, and building accountability for the results. The companies that adhere to this approach have their managers develop their own budgets. While many companies would say that they do both, in reality  the investment of time and money falls squarely in one approach or the other.

 

1. Say whether the following statements are true (a), false (b) or information is not available (c).
2. If the actual figures differ significantly from the budget it is a sign of danger.
3. Machinery is an example of intangible assets.
4. According to the author of this text the second approach to budgeting is more efficient than the second

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3
a	a	f

 

III. Match the words (1-5) with  definitions (a-e).

1. purchase
2. collateral
3. assets
4. budget
5. costs

 

1. property or other goods that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back the money they lend you
2. the things that a company owns
3. something you buy, or the act of buying it
4. the amount of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something;
5. the money that is available to an organization or person, or a plan of how it will be spent

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3	4	5
с	a	b	e	d

 

1. Complete the sentences (1- 10) with the words (a-l). There are two extra words:
2. subordinates
3. account
4. communications
5. hierarchical
6. interest
7. position
8. finance
9. investment
10. secondary
11. leadership
12. responsible
13. owners

 

1. Effective ……….. is crucial for the success of business.
2. There must be very good ………… between all members of the team.
3. Businesses have a …………… or pyramidal structure.
4. The …………  of small firms want to keep as much control over their business     as possible.
5. All the people in the organization know who their immediate ……………. are.
6. Companies ………..  most of their activities by way of internally generated      cash flow.
7. Businesses generally use an …………..  bank to issue their bonds.
8. Bonds are saleable instruments that can be traded on the ………. bond market.
9. Any area of investment that promises growth is going to spark more than a little …………… .
10. Emerging markets today …………  for one third of economic activity

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
h	с	d	j	l	g	b	i	e	k

 

1. Match (1-10) with (a-j) to make up sentences:

 

1. They have plans to design a smaller

a) production.

submarine that could go into 2.              By adjusting the production process, they were able 3.              She is the manager of 4.              Toshiba is increasing production of its popular line of 5.              Assembly line operation is 6.              Jobbing production is used 7.              Hong Kong imports of textiles are hurting 8.              Companies must be able to launch new products quickly and 9.              The  company blamed the loss on higher costs and lower sales        10. Investors often find financial products increasingly complex and

b)             the accounts department.   c)              laptop computers.   d)             to reduce the plant’s waste by twothirds. e)              US producers.   f)               an important feature of flow production.   g)             to produce prototype models, spare parts, and countless other tailor-made pieces.   h)             alter existing ones.   i)               of high-end products.   j)               seek advice on how to buy and sell them.

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
a	g	b	c	f	d	e	h	i	j

 

1. Complete the sentences (1-10) with a) a, b) an,  c) the  or  d) no article:
2. All goods arriving at the warehouse are automatically checked by ….. computer system.
3. Your success is vital to the success of ….. nation.
4. Entrepreneurs are flexible and willing to change quickly when they get ….. new information.
5. The construction company has contracted to build ….. new airport terminal.
6. The agreement was signed during ….. official visit to France by Prime Minister.  

 

 Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3	4	5
a	a	d	a	c

 

VII. Put the words  (1-5) in the correct order to make up sentences:  

1. company, states, regional,  has, sales, The, offices, several,  US, in .

………………………………………………………………………………

2. agreed, The, transactions, company, appoint, a, compliance, officer, to, monitor, its, to.

……………………………………………………………………………….

3. expensive, average, healthcare,  is,  too,  Private, the, earner, for.

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. possible , Some, want, to, start, people, earning, as, young, soon , as.

…………………………………………………………………………………

5. is, interest, The, bank, prepared, central, to, ease,  rates, further.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

1. The regional company has several sales offices in US states.
2. The company agreed to appoint a compliance officer to monitor its company transactions.
3. Private healthcare is too expensive for the average earner.
4. Some young people want to start earning as soon as possible.
5. The central bank prepared to ease further interest rates.

 

VIII. Listen to the text Startup Companies on the Rise in Nigeria    using http://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/nigerian-government-interestedin-startup-companies/3500240.html and answer the following questions:

1. What companies is Nigeria home to?  
2. Nigeria is home to a growing number of technology companies.
3. Nigeria is home to a number of production companies.
4. Nigeria is home to a growing number of sales companies.
5. Nigeria is home to a number of agricultural companies.

 

2.  What is Angel Adelaja’s job?
3. She is a financier.
4. She is the chief executive officer of a company called Fresh Direct Nigeria.
5. She is the director of a technology company.
6. She is an accountant.

 

3. What does Fresh Direct Nigeria produce?
   A.          It produces corn.
4. It produces
5. It produces vegetables, cabbage, lettuce.
6. It produces

 

4. Why is government revenue sharply reduced?
   A.  Because of inflation.
5. Because of recession.
6. Because of the drop in oil prices worldwide.
7. Because of unemployment.

 

5. How many tech entrepreneurs competed for the chance to meet with the Nigerian president and vice president?
6. A total of 20 tech entrepreneurs competed for the chance to meet with the Nigerian president and vice president.
7. A total of 50 tech entrepreneurs competed for the chance to meet with the Nigerian president and vice president.
8. A total of 70 tech entrepreneurs competed for the chance to meet with the Nigerian president and vice president.
9. A total of 30 tech entrepreneurs competed for the chance to meet with the Nigerian president and vice president.

 Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3	4	5
c	b	a	d	c

 

 

1. Complete the sentences (1-5) with the most suitable preposition (a-e):
2. The directors of both  companies met to discuss the terms …..  the merger.
   1. of b) by        c) at         d) in      e) out
3. …… a mission statement the company will lack direction.
   1. By b) Without     c) Because        d) In     e) On
4. She is excellent ……  motivating her staff.
   1. on b) out         c) at        d) of      e) by
5. We need a very good negotiator …..  this deal.
   1. with b) by        c) of        d) for       e) out
6. ….. the reorganization there will be no net loss of output.
   1. By b) Of        c) For      d) With     e) During

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

 

1	2	3	4	5
a	b	c	d	e

 

1. Сomplete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals:

1. Here is the list of ____________  for members to consider. NOMINATE
2. The terms of the contract are ____________ . NEGOTIATE
3. The ___________  has paid the option money. DEAL
4. Goods that are ____________  packaged sell more quickly. ATTRACT
5. The __________  parameters have already been set. FINANCE
6. Nomenees
7. Negotiated
8. Dealer
9. Attractively
10. Financial