Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола.

 The profits of our employees have been increased for the last two years.

  The ability to work is considered as one of the most important abilities you should possess to be accepted into our company.

  The commodity exchange has been closed down today morning.

  The tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries are regulated by international organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization)

 

 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слов IT , THAT, ONE.

ᜀĀᜀĀ It was impossible for slave-owners to motivate the dependent but sometimes enthusiastic work force.

 ᜀĀᜀĀ The theory says that the size of management can range from one person in a small organization to hundreds of managers in multinational companies.

ᜀĀᜀĀ The money that you make never seems to match the one that you need.

 ᜀĀᜀĀ It was a low quality fuel that caused a plane crash.

 

 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO.

 I have to maintain my car myself because my car mechanic is on vacation.

  Something is wrong with my car. I was disassembling the oil pump all the day long. I think oil has to be changed.

 You do not have a right to approve purchasing requisition for office stationary.

  I know I am being a baby but I can’t help it.

 

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

 

 The molecules every substance consists of are in a state of constant motion.

  I don’t remember the title of the book I read half a year ago.

  The excursions tourists are offered are really expensive in summer.

  All the money I was able to save for so many years was supposed to be spent on my children’s future studies.

 

 Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

 1. The customers waited for the manager to register an order.

 2. The summit talks are reported to be a success.

 3. To increase the motivation of personnel company management should think about the ways how to stimulate it.

 4. I regret to have answered you so late.

 

VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы после текста.

International trade

 International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.

 International organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

 Companies can choose various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sales agents or distributors, who have the knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell patents and licenses, or give permission to use patents and licenses for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner.

Answer the questions:

  What is international trade?

  What is understood under the term «export»?

  What is import?

  Are there any measures to control international trade?

  What are the methods to establish products in a foreign market?

 

Вариант II.

  Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод объектного и субъектного инфинитивного оборота.

2. Everybody was waiting for him to announce it.

 3. We may expect a short circuit to result from wire fault.

 4. Everybody is certain to know that alternating voltage can be increased and decreased.

 5. A fuse is expected to melt and break the circuit.

 6. He is said to be working on his report.

 

 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастного оборота.

  Industrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year.

  The method being used by this engineer is very effective.

  The experiment having been finished, the scientist published the results.

  The engineer testing the engine is a good specialist.

  I’ve just had my suit cleaned.

 

 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.

  Do you ever wish you could fly?

  If you were in my position, what would you do?

  I decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired.

  I’ll come tomorrow unless I have to work.

  You might have seen him yesterday if you had called at seven.

 

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

Basic principles of welding

 A weld can be defined as a coalescence of metals produced by heating to a suitable temperature with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of a filler material.

In fusion welding a heat source generates sufficient heat to create and maintain a molten pool of metal of the required size. The heat may be supplied by electricity or by a gas flame. Electric resistance welding can be considered fusion welding because some molten metal is formed.

 Solid-phase processes produce welds without melting the base material and without the addition of a filler metal. Pressure is always employed, and generally some heat is provided. Frictional heat is developed in ultrasonic and friction joining, and furnace heating is usually employed in diffusion bonding.

 The electric arc used in welding is a high-current, low-voltage discharge generally in the range 10-2,000 amperes at 10-50 volts. An arc column is complex but, broadly speaking, consists of a cathode that emits electrons, a gas plasma for current conduction, and an anode region that becomes comparatively hotter than the cathode due to electron bombardment.

Most metals, when heated, react with the atmosphere or other nearby metals. These reactions can be extremely detrimental to the properties of a welded joint. Most metals, for example, rapidly oxidise when molten. A layer of oxide can prevent proper bonding of the metal. Molten-metal droplets coated with oxide become entrapped in the weld and make the joint brittle. Some valuable materials added for specific properties react so quickly on exposure to the air that the metal deposited does not have the same composition as it had initially. These problems have led to the use of fluxes and inert atmospheres.

 In fusion welding the flux has a protective role in facilitating a controlled reaction of the metal and then preventing oxidation by forming a blanket over the molten material. Fluxes can be active and help in the process or inactive and simply protect the surfaces during joining.

Inert atmospheres play a protective role similar to that of fluxes. In gas-shielded metal-arc and gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding an inert gas—usually argon—flows from an tube surrounding the torch in a continuous stream, displacing the air from around the arc. The gas does not chemically react with the metal but simply protects it from contact with the oxygen in the air.

 

Answer the questions:

  How can a process of welding be defined?

  What are the main groups of processes of welding?

  What does an arc column consist of?

  What are the principles of gas welding?