Read and translate the text. Write down the translation of the third paragraph.

The Market

Modern market economies are a subset and component of a much larger set of social institutions on which economy is founded and depends for its accomplishments. The birth of the primordial market was a simple device designed to bring buyers and sellers together at a specific place and time to exchange goods. The traditional village fair gradually coalesced into centralized urban market centers linking different regions of the countryside with one another and through sea and land routes to more distant places.

All social accomplishment is the result of the process of generating, releasing, directing and channeling human energies by organizing and coordinating the interactions and relationships between individuals, activities, and institutions.The immense capacity of market economies for production and innovation arises out of the freedom of choice and action they accord for individual initiative and innovation and for organized and finely coordinated collective action.

Freedom liberates productive human energies. Market opportunities direct those energies for productive purposes. The evolution of intricate networks of markets at the local, regional, national and international levels channels those energies effectively to maximize the production and exchange of goods and services. The expansion of markets enhances the range and variety of goods available and enables buyers to source products from producers with the greatest comparative advantage.

Свобода высвобождает продуктивную человеческую энергию. Рыночные возможности направляют эту энергию на продуктивные цели. Развитие сложных сетей рынков на местном, региональном, национальном и международном уровнях эффективно направляет эту энергию на максимизацию производства и обмена товарами и услугами. Увеличение рынков расширяет ассортимент и ассортимент доступных товаров и позволяет покупателям получать товары от производителей с наибольшим сравнительным преимуществом.

From earliest times, economy and politics have been inextricably intertwined.Freedom of production and exchange meant little without ensuring ownership and security of property, enforcing contracts, arbitrating disputes, and protection against arbitrary seizure. The most productive market economies developed in places where the rights of the individual, rule of law and protection for property were most respected.

Decide whether the following statements are a) true, b) false or

c) information is not available in the text:

Centralized urban market centers link different regions of the countryside.

The expansion of markets enhances the range and variety of goods and services available.

The most productive market economies developed in places where the rights of the individual were not respected.

The present crisis has exposed the virtues of the existing economic model.

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3
a	a	b

III. Complete the sentences (1-6) with the most suitable prepositions (a-e):

The employment agency is an organization which matches employers … employees.

a) off b) out   c) from    d) out off    e) to

The company has drawn up a budget … the coming financial year.

a) by    b) of    c) in    d) for    e) over

Some people believe that Europe needs a common law … immigration.

a) on b) up  c) off  d) down  e) in

The government’s acts are signed … the Prime Minister.

a) at b)by   c) under  d) with  e) between

The mainfields are under wheat.

a) in b) within c) under   d) at  e) by

The government issues its acts … the form of decisions and orders.

a) for b) at   c) over   d) in   e) by

Millions of Africanswere soldinto slavery … between the 17th and 19th centuries.

a) at b)by   c) under  d) with  e) between

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
e	d	e	a	c	d	e

Match up the words and definitions.

1.inflation                         A time of low economic activity, when investments

lose value, businesses fail and people lose their jobs

2.welfare                           B an amount of money that an organization or

government borrows and promises to pay back

3.depression                      C a general, continuous increase in prices

treasury D moneythat is earned from doing work or received

from investments

income E the governmentdepartment, that is responsible for

financial matters

borrowing F the moneythat is used for a particular purpose,

especially by a government or organization

7.spending                           G the act of borrowing money or the amount of money

interest H the generalstate of health or degree of success of a

person , business, country, etc.

bond I moneythat is charged by a bank or other financial

organization for lending money

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
c	h	a	e	d	g	b	i	f

Choose the correct word.

There’s really no point in hoping to add important topics right at the end of the meeting under the heading of any other……..

(a) business (b) work (c) activity (d) tasks

The chairman was obliged to bring the meeting to a ……. because a fire broke out in the adjoining room.

(a) cessation (b) standstill (c) stopping (d) halt

According to the ……. in the report it is clear that employees under the age of 35 prefer to dress casually at work.

(a) seeking (b) searching (c) findings (d) probing

The one big fear of all world economies is that of……..

(a) regression (b) repression (c) recession (d) receding

I strongly recommend investing in these shares because you will get a very good ……. after only a few years.

(a) reward (b) reprise (c) return (d) response

There is no question that the most important ……. in that company is its youthful enthusiasm.

(a) resort (b) resorted (c) resource (d) resorting

To come straight to the……. I think the management team needs replacing.

(a) summit (b) top (c) topic (d) point

Nothing in the world will ever make me change my ……. on that subject.

(a) thought (b) mind (c) idea (d) heart

You’ve clearly got ……. and it’s obvious that you’ll get to the top.

(a) control (b) power (c) talent (d) strength

I see no ……. why you shouldn’t be accepted as an employee.

(a) cause (b) sense (c) reason (d) doubt

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
d	a	c	c	a	c	c	b	b	c

Complete the sentences (1-5) with a) a, b) an, c) the, d) no article:

The largesupermarketsare offering … big price cuts.

Each country has … stock exchange.

…traditional African economy was more labor-intensive oriented than capital-

intensive oriented.

The forest dwellers did not practice … fishing.

Regional trade with neighboring communities led to …development of the

open market system.

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5
d	a	c	d	a

VII. Match (1-10) with (a-j) to make up sentences:

1   Owners of land, labour and capital	a that high numbers of goods will be bought.
2 The interactions of demand and supply	b by education and training.
3 The low price ensures	c to the elimination of absolute poverty.
4 A monopoly exists	d fix the price at which exchange takes place.
5 Most economies today experience	e because you’re putting your money in someone else’s hands.
6 Workers can be made more productive	f are motivated by the desire to maximize their returns.
7 The increases in income have led	g where there is only one firm or supplier in an industry.
8 Opening a bank account is a big step	h the bank charges interest on the loan.
9 In order to make a profit,	i in search of a safe place to keep their money.
10 Some people go to the bank in search of a safe place to keep their money.	j positive economic growth over time.

 

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
f	d	a	g	j	b	c	i	h	e

 

VIII. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

born, century, modern, was, in, economics, the 19^th

Modern economics was born in the 19^th century.

time, want, money, from, and, satisfaction, consumers

Consumers want satisfaction and time from money.

order, work, money, people, to, in, earn

People work in order to earn money.

IX. Listen to the text Britain Officially Starts Withdrawal from European Union using https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/3787344.html and answer the following questions:

When did May send a letter to European Council President Donald Tusk?

a) May sent a letter to European Council President Donald Tusk on Monday.

b) May sent a letter to European Council President Donald Tusk on Friday.

c) May sent a letter to European Council President Donald Tusk on Wednesday.

d) May sent a letter to European Council President Donald Tusk on Sunday.

What did May’s letter say?

a) It said the British people had not voted to “harm the European Union”.

b) It said the British people had not voted to “any of the remaining member states.”

c) It said the British people had not voted to “harm the UK”.

d) It said the British people had not voted to “harm the European Union or any of the remaining member states.”

Who promised to hold the referendum?

a) British Prime Minister David Cameron promised to hold the referendum.

b) British Prime Minister Teresa May promised to hold the referendum.

c) Queen Elizabeth II promised to hold the referendum.

d) Prince Charles promised to hold the referendum.

Оформите ваши ответы в данной таблице:

1	2	3
b	a	a