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Task 1. Read the text and translate the underlined sentences into Russian.

PROTECT YOUR HOME

The best way to protect your structure from being damaged by a wildland fire is to prevent it from starting on fire in the first place. To do this, one must know of the many ways fire spreads from one fuel source to another.
One way a structure starts on fire is through radiation. Один из способов возгорания конструкции является радиация. Heat travels via electromagnetic waves, without objects or gases carrying it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until it strikes an object. Burning buildings can radiate heat to surrounding structures, sometimes even passing through glass windows and igniting objects inside. The amount of heat produced depends on:
– the size of the flame: generally, larger flames release more heat;
– the amount of surface area on the structure exposed to the radiant heat: the larger the piece of surface that is exposed, the greater the chance of ignition;
– duration of exposure: the more time the structure is exposed the greater the likelihood of ignition;
– the distance between the flames and the structure: the closer the flames are to the structure, the greater the chance of ignition.
A second way a structure may start on fire is through conduction. Второй способ, когда конструкция может загореться — это через проводимость.
Conduction is caused by direct contact between the flame and the structure.
Firebrands, which are small pieces of burning material often carried by wind, can start new fires, and are a common form of conduction. Зажигатели, которые представляют собой небольшие кусочки горящего материала, которые часто переносятся ветром, могут стать причиной нового возгорания и являются обычной формой проводимости. Minimizing the chance of loss due to firebrand-started ignitions include:
– using non-flammable building materials in the construction of your home. This is especially important when considering the type of roof to install;
– planting appropriate vegetation around structures.
Convection is a third way fire spreads. Convection is caused by the superheated air that rises from the fires and pre-heats the fuels above it. Причина конвекции — перегретый воздух, который образуется от огня и предварительно нагревает топливо над ним.
Convection is most often associated with steep slopes and the «Chimney Effect». The best way to minimize loss due to convective heating include:
– build all structures back away from steep slopes. The edge of these steep slopes often provides the best view but can also make the home extremely difficult to protect during a wildland fire;
– avoid building your home at the top of steep canyons.
If a structure is properly insulated from all these types of spreading, the chances of the structure being lost or damaged to a wildfire will be minimized.

Task 2. Find English equivalents in the text
1. горящие здания burning buildings
2. воспламеняющиеся igniting
3. защищать to protect
4. проводимость a conduction
5. горение материалов burning material

Task 3. Choose the correct answer for the following statements.

1. The text is addressed to…
A) house owners.
B) firefighters.
C) fire inspectors.
D) architects.
2. The purpose of the author is to inform …
A) about the ways the fire spreads from one place to another.
B) how to prevent fires from starting.
C) how fires usually start.
D) what to do when the fire occurs.
3. Wildland fire starts…
A) inside the house.
B) outside the house.
C) in the roof.
D) in the fireplace.
4. The word “to insulate” means …
A) “to expose”.
B) “to build”.
C) “to separate”.
D) “to isolate”.
5. Which of the following statements is false?
A) The larger the flame the more heat is emitted.
B) The larger the surface area exposed to the heat the greater the chances of ignition.
C) The more the distance between the flame and the structure the greater the chance of ignition.
D) The longer the structure is exposed to the flame the greater the chances of ignition.
6. The word “likelihood” means …
A) “chance”.
B) “exposure”.
C) “time”.
D) “duration”.
7. The passage of heat energy through or within a material because of direct contact is called…
A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.
8. The flow of fluid or gas from hot areas to cooler ones is called…
A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.
9. People do not notice heat until it strikes an object in case of…
A) radiation.
B) convection.
C) conduction.
D) combustion.
10. “Chimney effect” in this text refers to…
A) a fire started in the chimney.
B) a brick or stone structure that is built over a fireplace.
C) a house built on the top of a steep canyon.
D) a column of hot gas and smoke that rises high into the air from the fire.

Task 4. Make up sentences.

1. the most, and, chlorine, is, most, of, common, the halogens, important.
Chlorine is the most common and the most important of halogens.
2. the atmosphere, the richer, oxygen, is, in, combustion, the quicker, occur, may, process. The richer the atmosphere in oxygen is the quicker may combustion process occur.
3. is, the speed, the second, of, factor, burning, the flammability, determining, the material, of. The speed of the flammability is the second factor of determining the burning material.
4. are, of, class B, a liquid, fires, or, fires, solid, a liquefiable. Solid fires of class B are a liquefiable or a liquid fires.

1. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations

1. основной элемент a common form
2. химическая реакция a chemical reaction
3. окисление oxidation
4. соединение кислорода с другим веществом combining oxygen with another substance
5.способствовать распространению огня to promote fire spreads
6. тление smoldering
7. увеличивать скорость процесса горения to increase combustion process
8. открытое пламя an open flame
9. охватить весь горючий материал to cover all combustive material
10. огнетушащее средство a fire-fighting substance
11. удалить горючий материал и продукты горения to remove combustible material and combustion products
12.зона охвата пламенем a fire engulfment area
13. горение прекращается burning stops
14. достаточное количество тепла enough heat
15. пожарный треугольник a fire triangle
16. необходимые компоненты necessary components
17.температура горения burning temperature
18. методы тушения пожара fire extinguishing methods
19.цепнаяреакция a chain reaction
20.поддерживать огонь to keep a fire burning

2. Match the words with similar meanings

1 .to evolve G A .material
2. incipient E B. speed
3. vigorously F C. to remove
4. to happen J D. to react with oxygen
5. substance A E. starting
6 .to eliminate C F. strongly
7. combustibility H G. to give off
8. fire I H. flammability
9. to oxidize D I. combustion
10. rate B J. to occur

3.Match the words with opposite meanings
1.to cool C A. weak
2. to cease F B. insufficient
3. flammable I C. to heat
4. to extinguish G D. slow
5. to raise E E. to reduce
6. to accelerate J F. to begin
7. rapid D G. to ignite
8. incipient H H. final
9. sufficient B I. non-flammable
10. vigorous A J. to slow down

4.Match the words and the definitions
1. fuel F A. the burning gas of a fire appearing as a tongue of light
2. flame J B. the physical matter of which a thing consists
3. fire A C. a chemical element
4. oxygen C D. the grey , white or black gas that is produced when something is burning
5. fire extinguisher E E. a metal container with water or chemical element inside for putting out
small fires
6. chain reaction G F. any material that produces heat or power when it is burnt
7. smoke D G. a chemical chain that produces that forms products which themselves
cause more changes and new products
8. substance B H. able to begin burning easily
9. stage I I. a period or level in a process of development
10. combustible H J. the flames, light and heat, often smoke that are produced when
something burns

5. Choose the right answers in the alternative questions

1. Is a fire a substance or a process? A fire is a process.
2. Are there three or four stages in the development of fire? There are four stages in the development of fire.
3. Is combining oxygen with another substance called oxidation or acceleration? Combining oxygen with another substance is called oxidation.
4. What is the incipient stage of the development of fire; smoldering or flashover? Flashover is the incipient stage of the development of fire.
5. Is water or foam the most efficient method of extinguishing fires of general nature? Water is the most efficient method of extinguishing fires of general nature.