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INSULATORS AND INSULATING MATERIALS

Insulators are a class of substances which offer an extremely high resistance to the passage of current. An insulator is also called a dielectric. It has very few free charges that are able to move under the influence of the electric field.

Insulating materials include practically all the non-metallic substances. They include wood, glass, porcelain, wax, Cotton, silk, asbestos, rubber, mica, etc. Air is a very good insulator when dry.

The choice for a particular purpose depends upon one or more properties such as dielectric and mechanical strength, flexibility and ability to withstand a rise in temperature. Many insulators, such as silk, cotton and asbestos, are excellent when dry but deteriorate rapidly when moisture is absorbed.

All insulators carry a certain small leakage current, they act as an extremely high resistance which is called the ♦insulation resistance* of the system.

There are two leakage paths in most electrical systems: (1) that between the conductors and (2) that from the conductors to earth.

The principal enemies of good insulation are moisture, high temperature and mechanical damage.

НЕПРОВОДНИКИ И ИЗОЛЯЦИОННЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Непроводники — это класс веществ, которые чрезвычайно устойчивы к прохождению тока. Непроводник также называется диэлектриком. У него так мало свободных зарядов, что они могут свободно передвигаться под влиянием электрического поля.

Изоляционные материалы — это почти все неметаллические вещества. Сюда входят древесина, стекло, фарфор, воск, хлопок, шелк, асбест, резина, слюда и т. д. Воздух — очень хороший непроводник, но в случае если он сухой.

Выбор для определенной цели зависит от одного или нескольких свойств. Многие непроводники, такие как шелк, хлопок и асбест, хороши, когда они сухие, но их свойства быстро ухудшаются при поглощении влаги.

Все непроводники допускают небольшую утечку тока, они обладают очень высоким сопротивлением, которое называется сопротивлением изоляции системы.

В большей части электрических систем есть два пути утечки: (1) между проводниками и (2), что от проводников к земле.

Основными врагами хорошей изоляции являются влажность, высокая температура и механические повреждения.

Give the English equivalents for:

Сопротивление — resistance, напряжение — voltage, разность потенциалов – potential difference, электродвижущая сила – electromotive force, счетчик – a counter, источник питания – a power source, защищать – to protect, предохранитель – a fuse, выключатель – a switch, емкость – a capacity.

• Give synonyms for the following words:

Value – importance, cost

Movement – motion, transfer

to cut – to slit, to shear

to turnout – to appear, to end up

to change – to vary, to transform

to drop – to fall, to go down

• Translate into Russian, noting the predicate In the Passive Voice:

1. The current-carrying capacity of fuses is dependent upon their size, the metal of which they are made, and the manner, in which they are mounted.
2. The electric forces are entirely determined by the strength of the magnet and the speed of rotation.
3. The resistance may be made low by the correct size of copper.
4. The readings of the measuring instruments must be taken more carefully.
5. Cпособность предохранителей проводить ток зависит от их размера, металла, из которого они изготовлены, и способа, с помощью которого они установлены.
6. Электрические силы полностью зависят от силы магнита и скорости вращения.
7. Сопротивление можно уменьшить с помощью правильного размера меди.
8. Показания измерительных приборов необходимо снять более тщательно.

5) Write your biography.

Let me introduce myself. My full name is Olga Ivanovna Ivanina. I’m 18 years old. I was born on October 13th, 2000 in Omsk. It is a large city in southern Russia. I grew up and studied in this city. Many young people would want to be on my place as Omsk opens up numerous career opportunities.

My parents are both teachers. My mum’s name is Irina. My dad’s name is Oleg. They both have noble jobs as they help other people from day to day.

When I was little we often visited my grandparents who live in a small village in Rostov region. They have a large country house with a garden behind it. My grandmother liked working in her own garden. Every year she has a rich harvest of fruit and vegetables. My grandfather is a doctor. I have positive memories of the village they lived in because each time I came to visit I went for a walk with local kids. I’ve had many good friends there.

The school where I studied was right behind our block of flats. My favourite subjects included English, PC and Mathematics.

Now I am a student. My parents were a bit disappointed because they’ve always wanted me to get pedagogical education. However, I’ve made up my mind to become a physicist. I think it’s a popular and demanded profession nowadays. My dream is to succeed in my profession and to study further at the university. After graduation I want to travel a bit around Europe.