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A test light, test lamp, voltage tester, or mains tester is a very simple piece of electronic test equipment used to determine the presence or absence of an electric voltage in a piece of equipment under test. The test light is simply an electric lamp connected with one or two insulated wire leads.

Often, it takes the form of a screwdriver with the lamp connected between the tip of the screwdriver and a single lead that projects out the back of the screwdriver. By connecting the flying lead to an earth (ground) reference and touching the screwdriver tip to various points in the circuit, the presence or absence of voltage at each point can be determined and simple faults detected and traced to their root cause. For low voltage work (for example, in automobiles), the lamp used is usually a small, low-voltage incandescent light bulb. These lamps usually are designed to operate on approximately 12 V. For line voltage (mains) work, the lamp is usually a small neon lamp connected in series with an appropriate ballast resistor. These lamps often can operate across a wide range of voltages from 90 V up to several hundred volts. In some cases, several separate lamps are used with resistive voltage dividers arranged to allow additional lamps to strike as the applied voltage rises higher; with the lamps mounted in order from lowest voltage to highest, this minimal bar graph provides a crude indication of voltage.

ВОЛЬТМЕТР

Контрольная лампа, тестовая лампа или тестер напряжения — это очень простая часть электронного испытательного оборудования, которая используется для определения наличия или отсутствия электрического напряжения в тестируемой части оборудования. Контрольная лампа представляет собой просто электрическую лампу, соединенную с одним или двумя изолированными проводами.

Часто она имеет форму отвертки с лампой, подключенной между отверткой и одним выводом, который выступает за заднюю часть отвертки. Соединив проволочный вывод с заземлением и прикоснувшись к отвертке к различным точкам в цепи, можно определить наличие или отсутствие напряжения в каждой точке, а также выявить простые ошибки и узнать их основную причину. Для работы с низким напряжением (например, в автомобилях) используемая лампа обычно представляет собой небольшую низковольтную лампу накаливания. Эти лампы обычно рассчитаны на работу примерно на 12 Вольт. Для работы сетевого напряжения лампа — это небольшая неоновая лампа, соединенная последовательно с соответствующим балластным резистором. Эти лампы часто могут работать в широком диапазоне напряжений от 90 Вольт до нескольких сотен вольт.

В некоторых случаях несколько отдельных ламп используются с резистивными разделителями напряжения, устроенными так, чтобы могли быть подведены дополнительные лампы, когда увеличивается данное напряжение; с лампами, установленными в порядке от минимального напряжения до самого высокого, эта минимальная гистограмма обеспечивает общую индикацию напряжения.

Put 5 special questions to the text.

What is a test light?

Where can the lamp be used?

For what aims are these lamps usually designed?

How much volts do these lamps have?

Where are separate lamps are used?

Answer the following questions consulting your text book.

What does the watch maintenance include? Normal operation of electric machines includes: correspondence of the operating parameters to the rated ones (voltage, current, current frequency, speed of rotation and number of startings); the degree of heating of separate machine parts; the condition of the insulation resistance, the proper operation of the protective and signalling equipment, the соrrect instrument readings, etc.

In accordance with what is electrical maintenance to be performed? Electrical maintenance is to be performed in accordance with Reg­ulation on Operation and Maintenance of Merchant Marine and guided by a maintenance schedule.

What is the difference between a symptom and a trouble? If it does not generate the trouble may be: loss of residual magnetism, wrong field connection, wrong rotation, shorted armature or field.

In what way is the heating of conductors and current-leading parts calculated? Under normal conditions a thermal effect of an electric current is rated, i.e. the heating of conductors and current-leading parts of the elec­trical equipment is calculated so that it not exceed fixed rate. If the Rules of shipboard electrical maintenance and safety are not observed, if damages occur and the environmental conditions (dampness, dust, chemically active substances) affect the electrical equipment, its normal state is broken.

What should the personnel of watch make when the generator runs under nominal load? When the generator runs under nominal load, the personnel of watch should make sure that the switch apparatuses are in good working order, there is no inadmissible sparking on the commutator and rings, the voltage regulators are operating properly, the frequency is normal.

What should the watch personnel do under the following conditions? Consult your text book.

When the generator runs under nominal load.

a) They should observe that the voltage and frequency are of rated values.

b) The personnel of watch should make sure that the switch apparatuses are in good working order.

c) The person­nel of watch should perform superficial examination of both the elec­tric motor and the driving mechanism.

During preparation of electric motors for operation

a) The personnel of watch should make sure that there is no inadmissible sparking on the commutator and rings.

b) It should be imme­diately stopped and started only after the fault is remedied.

c) The person­nel of watch should measure the insulation resistance of the electric drive and the equipment together with the feeding cables.

While working with shaft generators

a) The watch personnel should observe the generator drive condition and fluctuations in voltage and frequency.

b) The watch personnel should check that the switch apparatuses operate properly, and that there is no sparking on the electric motors rings and commutators

c) They should also check the isolation resis­tance condition.

Translate into English.

Периодичность и трудоемкость работ может быть скорректирована относительно фактического состояния электромашин.

Всегда двигайтесь медленно, когда работаете в окружении электрических цепей.

Слыша звуковой сигнал – семь коротких гyдков и один длинный – все члены экипажа должны направиться к их обозначенному месту встречи при авариях.

Современные суда оснащены всем необходимым оборудованием для проведения подобных операций.

The periodicity and labour-intensity can be adjusted regarding the actual status of electric machines.

Move always slowly when surrounded by electrical circuits.

When hearing a sound signal — seven short beeps and one long — all crew members should go to their venue of the meeting in case of accidents.

Modern vessels are equipped with all necessary equipment for carrying out such operations.