Вариант 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в;

2) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

  (образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). She puts a big amount of money into business. Она вкладывает много денег в бизнес.

puts – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to put в Present Indefinite

2). All banks usually provide credit services. Все банки обычно предоставляют кредитные услуги.

services – мн.число от имени существительного, a service – услуга

banks — мн.число от имени существительного, a bank – банк

3). The stockholders are the owners of the corporation. Акционеры являются владельцами предприятия.

stockholders – мн.число от имени существительного, a stockholder – акционер

owners — мн.число от имени существительного, an owner– владелец

4). London is one of the world’s financial capitals. Лондон является одной из финансовых столиц мира.

 В слове world’s – окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в ед. числе.

Capitals — мн.число от имени существительного, a capital – столица

5). Sole proprietorship gets tax benefits from the government. Индивидуальное частное предприятие получает налоговые льготы от правительства.

gets – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to get в Present Indefinite

benefits – мн. число от имени существительного, a benefit – выгода

 

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (образец выполнения 2).

1. Banks sometimes give investment advice. Банки иногда предоставляют информацию об инвестировании.

2. The price depends on credit terms, delivery, quality and price of service. Цена зависит от сроков кредита, доставки, качества и цены за услугу.

3. Banks are concerned with money flow into and out of economy. Банки связаны с деньгами, которые поступают в экономику и уходят из нее.

 

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.

1). This equipment is more expensive than that one. Это оборудование дороже того.

2). It’s the cheapest model in the catalogue. Это самая дешевая модель в каталоге.

3). The better goods the higher demand. Чем лучше товар, тем выше спрос.

4). Our office is less comfortable than yours. Наш офис менее комфортный, чем ваш.

 

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1). Any business may have the form of partnership. Любой бизнес может иметь форму партнерства.

2). Is there any difference between a silent partner and a secret one? Есть ли какая-нибудь разница между компаньоном малоизвестным, но участвующим активно в деле, фигурирующим как член фирмы и пассивным партнёром (представляющим фирму, но активно не участвующим в ведении дел)?

3). There are some other types of corporation. Есть и другие виды корпорации.

4). A few examples of these governmental corporations are state universities, state hospitals and city owned utilities. Некоторыми примерами из этих государственных предприятий являются государственные университеты, государственные больницы и коммунальные предприятия города.

5). An organization has a number of positions and some people have more authority than others. Организация имеет ряд должностей, а некоторые люди имеют больше власти, чем другие.

 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык (образец выполнения 3).

1. This corporation has issued the stock. Эта корпорация выпустила акции.

Has issued – Present Perfect Active от стандартного глагола to issue.

2. Many factors affected the price, wages and earnings. Многие факторы повлияли на цену, заработные платы и проценты.

Affected — Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to affect.

3. These regulations will affect individual market. Эти постановления повлияют на рынок индивидуального страхования.

Will affect — Future Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to affect.

4. Economy does not usually rely entirely on planning. Экономика обычно полностью не полагается на планирование.

Does not rely — Present Simple Active от стандартного глагола to rely.

5. They are going to be general partners. Они собираются стать общими партнерами.

Are going — Present Continuous Active от нестандартного глагола to go.

6. You have to wait a little. He is consulting with the executive. Тебе нужно подождать немного. Он консультируется с руководителем.

Have to wait — Present Simple Active от нестандартного глагола to have + инфинитив to wait.

Is consulting — Present Continuous Active от стандартного глагола to consult.

7. The board of directors is enlarging the staff of the company. Совет директоров расширяет штат компании.

Is enlarging — Present Continuous Active от стандартного глагола to enlarge.

8. I was examining the annual report when Mr. Stevenson called on me. Я изучал ежегодный отчет, когда мне позвонил мистер Стивенсон.

Was examining — Past Continuous Active от стандартного глагола to examine.

Called – Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to call.

 

6. Поставьте 5 типов вопросов.

1). These partners get along quiet well.

— Who gets along quiet well?

— How do these partners get along?

— These partners get along quiet well, don’t they?

— Do these partners get along quiet well?

— Do these partner get along quiet well or bad?

2). My brother invested his money in private café.

— Who invested his money in private café?

— Did your brother invest your money in private café?

— Where did your brother invest his money?

— Did your brother invest his money in private café or in restaurant?

— Your brother invested his money in private café, didn’t he?

3). A secretary will mail the letters.

— Who will mail the letters?

— Will your secretary mail the letters?

— Will your secretary mail the letters or the other documents?

— What will your secretary mail?

— A secretary will mail the letters, won’t she?

 

7. Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы (письменно) .

The Main Forms of Business Organization

               

Business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. In the modern world the control of production is largely in the hands of individual business people or entrepreneurs, who organize and direct industry for gaining profits.               

The main forms of business organization are described below.

 

Individual Proprietorship

(Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor)

               

This is the simplest way of starting business. You are self-employed and fully responsible for all aspects of the management of your business.              

In this form of organization the owner is in sole charge of the business and is responsible for its success or failure. Any line of business is open to an owner.

Although this form of small business has its advantages, it has certain drawbacks. In the first place the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be secured by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. This is called unlimited liability.              

Partnership.

Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership. All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership and profits and losses are shared between them.              

The agreement to form an association of this nature is called a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, fiscal responsibilities, and a specific length of time during which the partnership is in effect.              

Public and private companies.

A company is usually formed for the purpose of conducting business that is separate from its owners, the shareholders.              

Private companies cannot sell shares to or raise money from the general public.              

Public companies can sell their shares to the general public (which they usually do through a stock exchange). A company continues to exist despite changes in (or deaths among) its owners. A company can hold assets; it can sue and can be sued. The profits are distributed to the members as dividends on their shareholding. Losses are borne by the company. The day-to-day management of the company is carried out by the board of directors. Private limited companies are often local family businesses and are common in the building, retailing and clothing industries.              

A private company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they have contributed; they have limited liability. Such a company has Ltd (Limited) after its name. Many large businesses in the UK are Public Limited Companies (PCL), which means that the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange. Marks & Spencer, British Telecom and the National Westminster Bank are the examples of public limited companies.              

In the US, businesses take the same basic forms. American companies have abbreviations Inc and Corp.              

Other types of companies are:

1. Associated company, which is a company over which other company has substantial influence; for example it owns between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of its shares.

2. Holding company, a company that owns another company or other companies and which is sometimes referred to as the parent company (most public companies operate through a number of companies controlled by the group’s holding company);

3. Subsidiary company, a company controlled by a holding company, usually because the holding company owns (or indirectly owns through another subsidiary) more than 50 per cent of the subsidiary’s company shares.

4. What is business? Business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller.

5. What is entrepreneur? Entrepreneur organizes and directs industry for gaining profits.

6. What are the forms of small business? It is individual proprietorship (sole trader or sole proprietor).

7. What are the advantages and drawbacks of small business? This is the simplest way of starting business. You are self-employed and fully responsible for all aspects of the management of your business.    

In this form of organization the owner is in sole charge of the business and is responsible for its success or failure. Any line of business is open to an owner.

Although this form of small business has its advantages, it has certain drawbacks. In the first place the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be secured by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses.

8. What is a partnership? Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership.

9. What are the main differences between public and private companies? Private companies cannot sell shares to or raise money from the general public.     Public companies can sell their shares to the general public (which they usually do through a stock exchange).

10. What are the types of companies? The types of companies are subsidiary company, holding company, associated company.

 

8 Соответствующие тексту предложения отметьте буквой Т (true), несоответствующие — F(false):

11. This form of small business has only advantages. F

12. The single owner is able to invest as much capital as a partnership or a corporation. F

13. A private company can be formed with a minimum of two people. T

14. Public Limited Companies are companies whose shares may be bought and sold on the stock exchange by the public. T

15. Partners are responsible only for the debts of the partnership. F

16. Private companies can sell shares to the general public. F

17. The day-to-day management of the public company is carried out by the board of directors. T

 

Вариант 1

 

1) Переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог

1. An annual meeting is being held by the stakeholders at the moment. В настоящий момент проводится ежегодное собрание пайщиков.

Is being held – Present Continuous Passive от глагола to hold.

2. Mr. Smith has been hired this year. В этом году мистера Смита взяли на работу.

Has been hired – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to hire

3. The document was signed with a ball-pen by our manager. Документ подписал наш менеджер шариковой ручкой.

Was signed – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to sign

4. The question was still being discussed when we came. Когда мы пришли, вопрос еще обсуждали.

was being discussed– Past Continuous Passive от глагола to discuss

came – Past Indefinite Active от глагола to come

5. This document is much spoken about. Об этом документе много говорят.

Is spoken – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to speak

 

2) Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге (образец выполнения 2).

1). We discuss such problems at our meetings. Such problems are discussed at our meetings by us.

2). She drew this diagram with a piece of chalk. This diagram was drawn with a piece of chalk by her.

3). We’ll sign this contract tomorrow. This contract will be signed tomorrow by us.

4). Personnel office has received resumes from prospective candidates. Resumes from prospective candidates have been received by personnel office.

5). Vice-president is busy now. He is giving orders to his employees. Vice-president is busy now. Orders are being given to his employees by him.

 

3) Поставьте глагол-сказуемое каждого предложения в нужную форму (образец выполнения 3).

1). I am asked to come here (next week, yesterday, already, now).

I’ll be asked to come here next week.

I was asked to come here yesterday.

I have already been asked to come here.

I am being asked to come here now.

2). She is given a new magazine (last week, next Sunday, right now).

She was given a new magazine last week.

She will be given a new magazine next Sunday.

She is being given a new magazine right now.

 

4. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

3). They can change credit terms at once. Они могут сразу изменить условия кредитования.

4). They must research supply and demand before they start to produce the new item. Прежде чем начать производить новый товар, они должны изучить спрос и потребности,.

5). The company has to cover the costs by all means. Компания любыми способами должна покрывать расходы.

6). You are to interview the minister of finance about the pricing policy in the country. Ты должен взять интервью у министра финансов по поводу ценовой политике в стране.

7). You may do the billing right now. Ты можешь выписать счет прямо сейчас.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого их низ, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения на русский язык (образец выполнения).

1. He is the Head of a firm producing computers. Он является главой фирмы, которая производит компьютеры.

Producing – Part. I, определение

2. The amount and price of goods sold to large number of buyers is controlled by a few competing sellers. Количество и цена товаров, которые продают большому количеству покупателей, контролируются несколькими конкурентами.

Sold – Part. II, определение

3. Prices can be set up by the government, usually for different public services – railroads, electricity, manufactured gas, bus services. Цены могут устанавливаться правительством, обычно для разных общественных служб – железной дороги, электричества, производимо газа, автобусов.

Manufactured – Part. II, определение

4. People wishing to establish or running businesses often have personnel problems. Люди, которые желают основать бизнес или руководить бизнесом, часто имеют личные проблемы.

Wishing – Part. I, определение

 

6. Прочтите и переведите текст (устно).

MARKETING AND PROMOTION

Usually a great fortune and success in business come not only because of luck and happy circumstances in somebody’s life, but due to thinking ahead, to the knowledge of people’s psychology and market.

Read the text about marketing and promotion and decide how much they are important for success in business.

              When a company starts to sell goods in a new market, they often do some market research to see if the project is feasible. They research (investigate) the market potential to see if they will make money by selling in the new market (i.e. to see if the product is viable).          

One way to assess the market potential is to take a stand to a Trade Fair where companies can exhibit samples of their products and see what response they get from prospective customers. The Trade Fair is an exhibition of goods, and a company exhibits a sample of its product at its stand. This is also a form of publicity (or advertising) and the company representative will probably hand out brochures to advertise (or promote) the product further. Often journalists (the press) write about the Trade Fair and sometimes companies hold a press conference if they want to promote a particular model or range. (Each different type of a car, a bike etc. is a model. All the different models made by a company make up its range. The full range of goods is normally displayed in the company’s catalogue. The catalogue is a booklet or a brochure).          

Another way of promoting (or publicizing) a new product is to place advertisements in magazines or newspapers.

 Advertisements are also called adverts or ads for short. A plan to do a lot of advertising of one product is called a campaign. Starting and advertising campaign on a new product is known as launching the product.          

The aim of publicity/promotion is to interest customers, clients (or buyers) in the product. Initially customers/clients might make inquiries about the product. When they decide to buy, they place an order. At a Trade Fair companies are trying to win (obtain) as many orders as possible. However, before a client places an order he wants to know many things: how long delivery takes, what the after sales service is like. (All the individual parts in a model are called components. If one of the components breaks the customer will want a spare part. If the product is complicated, skilled workers might be needed to fit spare parts or to service or maintain the machinery. Any maintenance or servicing the company does after it has sold the product is called after sales service).

7. Выберите верный вариант, переведите предложения.

1. Before starting to sell its product a company often does some market research. Прежде чем начать продавать свой товар, компания часто проводит маркетинговое исследование.

a makes inguiries

b places an order

c does some market research

 

2. The trade Fair is an exhibition of goods. Торговая ярмарка – это выставка товаров.

a market research

b an exhibition of goods

c after sales service

 

3. All different models made by a company make up its range. Все модели, сделанные компанией, представляют серию.

 

a. catalogue

b. brochure

c. range

 

4. A plan to do a lot of advertising of one product is called campaign. План на разработку рекламы продукта, называется кампанией.

 

a campaign

b press

c publicity

 

  Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1). Why do companies do some market research before they start to sell goods? When a company starts to sell goods in a new market, they often do some market research to see if the project is feasible.

2) What are the ways to assess the market potential? One way to assess the market potential is to take a stand to a Trade Fair where companies can exhibit samples of their products and see what response they get from prospective customers.

Another way of promoting (or publicizing) a new product is to place advertisements in magazines or newspapers.

  3) Where is the full range of goods normally displayed? The full range of goods is normally displayed in the company’s catalogue.

 4) What do you think of advertising? Do you consider it effective nowadays? I think it’s effective nowadays, because many people can see products.

 5) What kind of advertising do you find the most effective? The most effective kind of advertising is newspaper.

 6) When inquiries can a customer make before he places an order? Initially customers/clients might make inquiries about the product. When they decide to buy, they place an order.

 7) Is after sales service important? Why? All the individual parts in a model are called components. If one of the components breaks the customer will want a spare part. If the product is complicated, skilled workers might be needed to fit spare parts or to service or maintain the machinery. Any maintenance or servicing the company does after it has sold the product is called after sales service.

 8) Do you know any famous exhibitions or Trade Fairs which are held in our country? I know EXPO, Polimer.

 9) What exhibition centers have you heard of? I have heard of The Boston Convention and Exhibition Center, Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, National Gallery from the Louvre.

 

 

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните глаголы to have, to be, to do одной чертой, когда они являются смысловыми глаголами, двумя – когда они выполняют функцию вспомогательного глагола, волнистой – когда они являются эквивалентами модальных глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). We have just started producing the new model. Мы только начали выпускать новую модель.

2). We have many orders for this model. У нас много заказов на эту модель.

3). You had to agree to this time of delivery. Ты должен согласиться поставку в это время.

4). He did his homework well. Он хорошо выполнил свою домашнюю работу.

5). Did he get instructions to buy products from this company? Получал ли он указания на покупку товаров в этой компании?

6). They are discussing price and terms of payment. Они обсуждают цену и условия оплаты.

7). She is to arrive in London on Monday. Она должна прибыть в Лондон в понедельник.

8). My partner is a representative of a large company. Мой компаньон — представитель огромной компании.

 

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1). It will take a month to sell the bonds. Займет месяц, чтобы продать облигации.

2). This commercial bank had already stopped to exist when the war started. Этот коммерческий банк уже перестал существовать, когда началась война.

3). You can apply for a patent, if you need one. Ты можешь подать заявление на получение патента, если тебе он нужен.

4). One of our managers should start a market research. Один из наших менеджеров должен начать маркетинговое исследование.

 

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию и форму инфинитива.

1). The first question to be considered is very important. Первый вопрос, который нужно рассмотреть, очень важен.

2). To explain the problem he drew diagrams. Для того чтобы объяснить проблему, он нарисовал диаграммы.

3). I hope to be sent to the conference. Надеюсь, что меня отправят на конференцию.

4). There is a very good reason to suppose that the cargo will arrive in time. Есть очень хорошее основание полагать, что груз доставят вовремя.

5). Your duty is to inform me about it. Ваша обязанность состоит в том, чтобы информировать меня об этом.

6). To skate is pleasant. Кататься на коньках весело.

 

4. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните объектный инфинитивный оборот одной чертой, субъектный – двумя. Переведите предложения.

1). The agreement is expected to be signed next week. Ожидают, что соглашение подпишут на следующей неделе.

2). I want you to go to the office and speak to the director about it. Я хочу, чтобы ты пошел в офис и поговорил об этом с директором.

3). Her brother is said to be a successful businessman. Говорят, что его брат преуспевающий бизнесмен.

4). We heard him take part in serious talks. Мы слышали, что он принимал участие в серьезных переговорах.

5). We’d like the payment to be done in dollars. Мы бы хотели, чтобы оплату произвели в долларах.

5. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи. Переведите предложения.

1). The expert said, “There’s a similarity between the two projects”.

 The expert said that there was a similarity between the two projects. Эксперт сказал, что два проекта похожи.

2). The manager said to his colleagues, “We must look for new outlets for our goods”.

The manager said to his colleagues that they must look for new outlets for their goods. Менеджер сказал своим коллегам, что для своих товаров они должны искать новые рынки сбыта.

3). He said, “The purpose of my visit is to exchange opinions with you”.

He said that the purpose of his visit was to exchange opinions with them. Он сказал, что целью его визита был обмен с ними мнениями.

4). He said to us, “The machine meets the highest requirements without any doubt”.

He said to us that the machine met the highest requirements without any doubts. Он сказал нам, что машина, несомненно, удовлетворила самые высокие требования.

5). The executive said to us, “The project will be financed by several companies”.

The executive said to us that the project would be financed by several companies.

Руководитель сказал нам, что проект будут финансировать несколько компаний.

 

6. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

1). We’d buy more of these sets if your prices weren’t so high. Мы бы купили побольше этих приборов, если бы цены не были такими высокими.

2). We’d have managed to do more if we’d begun earlier. Мы бы смогли сделать больше, если бы начали раньше.

3). If I were you, I wouldn’t have believed it. Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы не поверил этому.

 

7. Преобразуйте предложения реального условия в предложения нереального условия II и III типа и переведите их на русский язык.

1). If we promote this right, we’d get more sales.

If we promoted this right (today or tomorrow), we would get more sales. Если бы мы придерживались этого права (сегодня или завтра), у нас было бы больше продаж.

If we had promoted this right (yesterday), we would have got more sales. Если бы мы придерживались этого права (вчера), у нас было бы больше продаж.

2). The discussion won’t take long, if everybody speaks to the point.

The discussion wouldn’t take long (today or tomorrow), if everybody spoke to the point. Дискуссия не заняла бы столько времени (сегодня или завтра), если бы каждый говорил по делу.

The discussion wouldn’t have taken long (yesterday), if everybody had spoken to the point. Дискуссия не заняла бы столько времени (вчера), если бы каждый говорил по делу.

3). If the price goes up, the increase will be passed on the customer.

If the price went up (today or tomorrow), the increase would be passed on the customer. Если бы повысилась цена (сегодня или завтра), то повышение отразилось бы на покупателе.

If the price had gone up (yesterday), the increase would have been passed on the customer. Если бы повысилась цена (вчера), то повышение отразилось бы на покупателе.

 

 

 

8. Прочитайте текст. Выполните задания после текста.

 

The Economy of Great Britain

               

The United Kingdom has a developed mixed private-and-public-enterprise economy and ranks among the top industrial countries in growth rates, productivity, and competitiveness. The gross national product (GNP) is growing faster than the population. The GNP per capita is among that of most other European countries.          

The state sector was reduced during the 1980s and 1990s owing to policies of privatization, or denationalization, of publicly owned corporations. There was also an improvement in the standard of living. Unemployment and inflation rates were gradually reduced but remained high.          

Nowadays, government policies include the close monitoring and frequent adjustment of interest rates; a gradual reduction in the levels of direct personal taxation; a reduction in the levels of power and influence of national trade unions in national labour negotiations; the encouragement of wider home ownership and of individuals’ share holdings in companies. Considerable emphasis is placed on increased exposure of the economy to market forces. The government controls the production of coal, steel, and ships, it also runs certain utilities, the railways, and most civil aviation.          

Manufacturing industries account for one-fifth of the GNP. Small companies predominate, though companies with 500 or more employees employ a larger percentage of the work force. Major manufacturers include motor vehicles, aerospace equipment, electronic data-processing and telecommunication equipment, metal goods, precision instruments, petrochemicals, and other chemicals. High-technology industries are being developed.          

Agriculture account for less than 2 percent of the GNP and employs some 2 percent of the work force. Farming is highly mechanized, though farms are not large, and is dominated by raising of sheep and cattle. The United Kingdom is not agriculturally self-sufficient. Chief crops include barley, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes.          

The mineral industry accounts for approximately 6 percent of the GNP but employs less than 1 percent of the work force. Production from oil fields in the North Sea has allowed the United Kingdom to become virtually self-sufficient in petroleum. The United Kingdom’s coal industry, despite its steady decline since the early 1950s, remains one of the largest and most technologically advanced in Europe.          

Public revenues ordinarily fall short of expenditures and are chiefly derived from income taxes, which are highly progressive, and excises. A single graduated income tax was introduced in 1973. Deficits are offset by public borrowing. The country (as well as its capital) is a major world financial and banking center.          

Chief imports of Great Britain are: metallic ores, except iron ore, food. Chief exports are: china, automobiles and other vehicles, wooden goods, steel, electrical and mechanical machinery, tractors, scientific instruments, chemicals, petroleum.              

Just under half of the total population is in the labour force. The highest proportion of employees (more than two-thirds) are in the service sectors, financial services and distribution. Manufacturing, although it has declined, employs more than one-fifth of all workers. Smaller numbers are in construction, energy, agriculture, forestry, and fishing.

 

9. Cогласны ли Вы со следующими утверждениями?

1. The economy of Great Britain is among the less developed countries in growth rates and competitiveness. Не согласна.

2. The United Kingdom has a developed mixed private-and-public enterprise economy. Согласна.

3. The state sector increased considerably during the 1980s and 1990s. Не согласна.

4. A gradual reduction in the level of direct personal taxation is one of the actual policies of the British government. Согласна.

5. Small companies predominate in the economy of the UK. Согласна.

6. Agriculture accounts for more than 50 per cent of the GNP. Не согласна.

7. The United Kingdom’s coal industry remains one of the largest and most technologically advanced in Europe. Согласна.

 

10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Machine Tools

СТАНКИ

          Machine-tools are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece. Most machine-tools are now electrically-driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.          

          Станки используют для придания формы металлам и другим материалам. Материал, который нужно обработать, называют обрабатываемой деталью. Сейчас большинство станков с электроприводом. Станки с электроприводом работают быстрее и более точные, чем ручные станки: они были важным этапом в развитии массовых процессов, поскольку они могли делать отдельные составляющие в больших количествах и быть взаимозаменяемыми.

All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and use cooling fluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling and lubrication.              

Все станки могут обрабатывать как деталь, так и инструмент, и точно контролировать движение режущего инструмента относительно обрабатываемой детали. Большинство машинных операций производят огромное количество тепла, и используют для охлаждения и смазки охлаждающие жидкости (обычно смесь воды и масла).

Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining, spark erosion to machine very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltage spark (discharge) between the electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods include drilling using ultrasound, and cutting by means of a laser beam.

Станки обычно обрабатывают материалы механически, но некоторое время спустя были созданы другие машинные методы. Они включают химическую обработку, электроискровую обработку механизма, сделанного из очень прочных материалов, и придание ему любой формы посредством непрерывного высоковольтного разряда между электродом и обрабатываемой деталью. Другие машинные методы включают сверление с использованием ультразвуковой техники и резку с помощью лазерного луча.

Numerical control of machine-tools and flexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of a range of products.

Численный контроль станков и гибкая система производства сделали возможным использование целых систем станков для производства ассортимента товаров.