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Лексика 1. Выберите слово, чтобы получилось словосочетание, которое используется в юридической сфере. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

to commit a) assault b) crime c) a steal

to plead a) arrest b) innocent c) guilty

warrent of a ) theft b) court c ) arrest

house a) breaking b) jury c) behavior

date of a) company b) delivery c) will

Соотнесите словосочетания и определения к данным словосочетаниям. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

monetary damages d) money ordered by a judge to be paid by a person or organization to someone who has been harmed or lost money as a result of their wrong actions

сonsulting agreement c) outline of the tasks and responsibilities for a consulting relationship

breach of contract a) is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong in which a binding or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party’s performance

9.burglary b) stealing from someone’s home

Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.

обвинять кого-то в чем то a) confess smb with smth b) charge smb with smth

раскрытие информации a) disclosure b) а licence

отвенностветвенность a) duties b) responsibility

допрашивать а) sword b) interrogate

14.подрастковая преступность a) juvenile delinquency b) enforcement bodies

15.незаконный контракт a) valid contract b) void contract

Грамматика 4. Выберите правильный вариант глагола в пассивном или активном залоге. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

Why … he always … at? a) is being laughed b) is laughed

The auditors … already … all the necessary documents, and they can start their work. a) were shown b) have been shown

You … for. Go, I won’t delay you. a) are waited b) are being waited

19 Most books should…………. a) have been tested b)are tested

The details of the contract should … much before signing it. a) have been discussed b) be discussed

He never … to people. a) listens b) is listened c) listen

Stay here. The show will … perfectly well from this place. a) see b) be seen

The window was broken, and the money … a) disappeared b) was disappeared

24.The police will… him sooner or later, a) arrest b) be arrested c) is arrested

He will… in prison. a)put b) be put c) is put

26.The tank … at the moment.— a) is filling b) is being filled

The fine hasn’t…………yet: we have no money. a) paid b) been paid c) was

Выберите глагол в подходящем времени. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

Students…………. law at the university. a) are studying b) study c) have studied

29 He already ………. from the university. a) graduated b) will graduate c) has graduated

You look very thoughtful. What…………. about? a) do you think b) are you thinking c) do

The police……… the killer yet. a) hasn’t found b) didn’t find c) haven’t found

Every year the State Duma of the RF…………..a lot of laws. a) was passing b) have passed c) is passing

Last year he……….. from the university. a) graduated b) has graduated c) was graduated

For about 10 years legislators……….the bill. a) have been discussing b) had discussing c) discussed

In 1992 our country……………….. the treaty. a) ratified b) had ratified c) was ratified

Lawyers……………. to the agreement by the end of the present session. a) came b) have come c) had come

The police caught the man when he ……………..the shop. a) robbing b) robed c) was robbing

He………………. with the judge yet. a) hasn’t yet talked b) haven’t talked c) hasn’t talked

Выберите правильный вариант сравнительного оборота. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

This method is…… effective………. the previous one. a) so………as b)as……….as c)such……..as

40.…………. you work, ………. you study. a)the better………the more b)the best……….the better c)the more……..the better

The period is … long …. a semester. a) as longer…….as b) the c) as ….as

42.The document is ……..concise ………. possible.

a) such……as b) So……as c) as……as

43………… you communicate with people,…………. clients you have. a) the better………the more b)the better……the best c) as………as

Чтение 7. Прочитайте текст. Why do We Need Law?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two way street.

If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives. Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner’s rights are respected. We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, 15 including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.

In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university. Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals. However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means. When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. But things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living. Though laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often don’t notice them. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. 20 Only when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment should be entered in favour of you against Bert. Some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.

When governments make laws for their citizens, they use the system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone — such as when young children commit crimes, when the police have to concentrate on certain crimes and therefore ignore others, or in countries where there is so much political corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence. But the general nature of the law is enforced equally against all members of the nation. Government-made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society, and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.

Suppose a member of a rugby club is so angry with the referee during a club game that he hits him and breaks his nose. At the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people seeing or hearing about the incident would criticize the player and try to persuade him to apologize and perhaps compensate the referee in some way. At a more formal level, the player would find he had broken the rules of his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct of all people playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension before he would be allowed to play another game. Finally, the player might also face prosecution for attacking the referee under laws created by the government of his country. In many countries there might be two kinds of prosecution. First, the referee could conduct a civil action against the player, demanding compensation for his injury and getting his claim enforced by a court of law if the player failed to agree privately. Second, the police might also start an action against the player for a crime of violence. If found guilty, the player might be sent to prison, or he might be made to pay a fine to the court – that is, punishment for an offence against the state, since governments often consider antisocial behaviour not simply as a matter between two individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.

A lawyer is a person learned in law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization. In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work. Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills.

Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts. The educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university’s general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor’s degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner’s law degree (a professional degree). However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research. The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).

In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.

Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.

Almost everything we do is governed by … a) rules imposed by morality. b) the courts. c) some set of rules.

If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people … a) we would simply do as we please. b) we would simply do with little regard for others. c) laws would not be necessary.

Laws against criminal conduct help … a) to protect our property. b) to take advantage of other individuals. c) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

We turn to the law … a) to resolve disputes peacefully. b) to decide who is the real owner. c) to force people to keep their promises.

Запишите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ на вопрос, в лист ответов.

What is another goal of the law? 3

What paragraph describes the relationship in the sports club. 5

What is the role of lawyers? 6

Переведите письменно 3 часть текста.

В нашем обществе законы предназначены не только для управления нашим поведением, но и для реализации социальной политики. Например, некоторые законы предусматривают льготы, когда работники получают травмы на работе, медицинское обслуживание, а также кредиты студентам, которые иначе не смогли бы поступить в университет. Еще одна цель закона — это справедливость. Это означает, что закон должен признавать и защищать определенные основные права людей, такие как свобода и равенство.

Закон также следит за тем, чтобы влиятельные группы и отдельные лица не использовали свои позиции в обществе для получения несправедливого преимущества от более слабых людей. Однако, несмотря на благие намерения, иногда создаются законы, которые впоследствии люди признают несправедливыми. В демократическом обществе законы не высечены на камне, а должны отражать меняющиеся потребности общества. В условиях демократии каждый, кто считает, что тот или иной закон имеет недостатки, имеет право высказываться публично и пытаться изменить закон законными средствами. Когда мир находился на очень примитивной стадии развития, то не было законов, регулирующих жизнь людей.

Если бы мужчина решил убить свою жену или если женщине удалось бы убить своего мужа, то это было бы их личное дело, и никто не вмешивался бы официально. Но жизнь никогда не стоит на месте. Жизнь изменилась. Мы живем в сложном мире. Научные и социальные разработки увеличивают темп нашей повседневной жизни, делают его более вовлеченным. Теперь нам нужны правила и нормы, которые регулируют каждый наш шаг и действие. Мы создали законы жизни. Хотя законы основаны на разумных потребностях сообщества, мы часто их не замечаем. Если наш сосед слушает громкую музыку поздно вечером, мы, вероятно, попытаемся поговорить с ним, а не с полицией, адвокатом или судьей. Когда мы покупаем телевизор, или билеты на поезд, или отдаем деньги кому-то, юрист может сказать нам, что это договор с юридической ответственностью. Но для большинства из нас это всего лишь билет, по которому можно сесть на поезд или купить телевизор.

Только когда сосед отказывается вести себя разумно или когда мы пострадали в результате несчастного случая на поезде, деньги не были возвращены, телевизор не работает, а владелец магазина не вернул деньги или не заменил его, то мы начинаем думать о правовых последствиях повседневной деятельности. Возможно, вы захотите предпринять юридические действия для возмещения убытков. Вы можете подать в суд на Берта, который не вернул долг. Таким образом, вы становитесь истцом, а Берт — ответчиком. На суде вы дали показания под присягой о займе. Берт, в свою очередь, утверждал, что это был его подарок, который не должен был быть возвращен. Суд, выслушав показания обеих сторон и руководствуясь законом, решил, что это займ, и постановил, что решение должно быть вынесено в пользу вас против Берта.

Некоторые сделки в современном обществе настолько сложные, что немногие из нас рискуют совершить их, не обратившись за юридической консультацией. Например, покупка или продажа дома, создание бизнеса или принятие решения о том, кому передать нашу собственность после смерти. В целом кажется, что люди во всем мире все больше и больше привыкли использовать правовые средства для регулирования своих отношений друг с другом. Многонациональные компании нанимают юристов, чтобы гарантировать, что их контракты будут действительными, когда они ведут бизнес.