В А Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. Эквиваленты Модальных Глаголов

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните те эквиваленты, которые можно заменить модальными глаголами.

1. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches seven times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses seven time zones.

2. The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed since it is equipped with powerful engines.

3. For increased corrosion protection, the carbodies are to be sprayed on the inside with a special antirust compound.

4. Passengers weren’t allowed to get off the car because the train stopped for 2 minutes only.

5. To make the Moscow-St. Petersburg line as straight and level as possible, builders had to

construct a lot of bridges and viaducts.

 

1. Пассажирам, путешествующим из Москвы во Владивосток, приходится семь раз переводить стрелки часов, так как Транссибирская магистраль пересекает семь часовых поясов.

2. Новый поезд в Англии сможет развивать очень большую скорость, так как оснащен мощными двигателями.

3. Для увеличения защиты от коррозии кузова необходимо обработать изнутри специальным антикоррозийным составом.

4. Пассажирам не разрешили выйти из вагона, поскольку поезд остановился всего на 2 минуты.

5. Сделать маршрут Москва-Санкт-Петербург. Петербургская линия была максимально прямой и ровной, строителям пришлось построить множество мостов и виадуков.

(B). Заполните пропуски соответствующими эквивалентами модальных глаголов.

1. Next year, the railway will have to increase the train fares because of inflation.

2. Many railways had to start dieselization only after World War II.

3. On this dangerous section of the line, the trains had to move at the speed of 60 kmh.

4. John had to leave his luggage in the Left-Luggage Office.

5. To finish the journey on time, the driver will have to increase the train speed.

Упр. 2. Герундий Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. Automatic train signaling is a system used for controlling railway traffic to prevent trains from colliding.

2. New track machines purchased from Great Britain by Mozambique will be used for upgrading the Limpopo line in that country.

3. The bi-level car increases the passenger or freight capacity of a train without lengthening a set.

4. The underground railway helps to solve the problems of carrying large numbers of passengers, as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.

 

1. Автоматическая поездная сигнализация – это система, которая используется для управления железнодорожным движением с целью предотвращения столкновения поездов.

2. Новые путевые машины, которые приобрел Мозамбик в Великобритании, будут использоваться для модернизации линии Лимпопо в этой стране.

3. Двухуровневый вагон увеличивает пассажиро- или грузоподъемность поезда без удлинения состава.

4. Метро помогает решить проблемы перевозки большого количества пассажиров, а также проблемы пробок, загрязнения воздуха и шума.

Упр. 3. Ing-Формы. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing. Подчеркните причастие одной чертой, а герундий – двумя.

1. In India, foreign tourists are able to buy an Indrail Pass permitting unlimited travel for a

specific time period.

2. Having worked at the railway for several years, Paul gained much experience in driving electric locomotives.

3. New models of lightweight rail cars consuming 50% less power than old models have been introduced on the Japanese Railways.

4. Fences and other devices are built for protecting the tracks against snow and for keeping the livestock away from the railway.

1. В Индии иностранные туристы могут купить проездной Indrail Pass, позволяющий неограниченное количество поездок в течение определенного периода времени.

2. Проработав несколько лет на железной дороге, Павел приобрел большой опыт вождения электровозов.

3. На японских железных дорогах введены новые модели легких вагонов, потребляющих на 50% меньше энергии, чем старые модели.

4. Для защиты путей от снега и ограждения скота от железной дороги сооружаются ограждения и другие устройства.

Упр. 4. Атрибутивные Словосочетания

Перепишите данные словосочетания и переведите, обращая внимание на правила перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1. traffic speed increase

2. railway bridge pile

3. motion characteristics improvement

4. iron ore train

5. aircraft-type seats

6. passenger information system

7. track repair team

8. locomotive service life

 

1. увеличение скорости движения

2. свая железнодорожного моста

3. улучшение характеристик движения

4. поезд с железной рудой

5. сиденья авиационного типа

6. информационная система для пассажиров

7. путевая ремонтная бригада

8. срок службы локомотива

Упр. 5. Задайте альтернативные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. Railway cars have a very long service life – from 30 to 40 years.

2. The daily service between Moscow and St.Petersburg consists of more than 20 trains.

3. By the middle of the 20th century, diesel-electric locomotives had replaced steam locomotives on most railroads.

4. The speed of tunneling was raised by using modern machines.

5. The invention of the steam engine aroused great interest in Britain.

6. A considerable increase in freight and passenger volumes is expected in Russia over the

next few years.

 

1. Do railway cars have a very long service life – from 30 or 40 years?

2. Does the daily service between Moscow and St.Petersburg consist of more than 20 trains or 30 trains?

3. Had diesel-electric locomotives by the middle of the 20th century or 21^st century replaced steam locomotives on most railroads?

4. Was the speed of tunneling raised by using modern machines or expensive machines?

5. Did the invention of the steam engine arouse great interest in Britain or in Germany?

6. Is a considerable increase in freight and passenger volumes expected in Russia or in England over the next few years?

 

Упр. 6. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

S T . P E T E R S B U R G -M O S C O W RA I L W A Y

(1) The St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway is a 650 km railway running between the two largest Russian cities and through four regions: Moscow, Tver, Novgorod and Leningrad. It is the leading traffic artery for the whole of the north-west region of Russia, operated by the

Oktyabrskaya Railway.

(2) This railway was a project of Pavel Melnikov, an engineer who was in charge of its construction. According to Melnikov’s project, “chugunka” was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, steam-powered. Melnikov insisted that gauge of railway should be 1,524 mm.

This was to become Russia’s national standard for all railways. The speed of passenger and freight trains was to be 34 km and 16 km respectively. 278 constructive works were to be built, including 34 stations, 184 railway bridges, 19 viaducts, 69 cast iron and masonry conduit pipes.

It should be said that all the stations were to have the same style and even the same color scheme. Railway stations in both capitals (Moskovsky in St. Petersburg and Leningradsky in

Moscow) were designed by K.A. Ton in the style of classical architecture.

(3) Some reactionary officials opposed to the idea of a railway connecting the two capitals. They predicted public disorder if the masses were allowed to travel. It was decided that only the wealthy would be allowed to use the line. Every passenger was to pass strict passport and police control.

(4) Emperor Nicholas I issued a decree ordering its construction on 1 February 1842. The construction began in 1843 and lasted about 10 years. More than 50,000 serfs did the actual

construction work, using only spades and axes. They worked from sunrise to sunset, every day including Sundays and holidays. Only when the rain was extremely heavy, they were given the day off. The serfs were constantly ill. Terrible working and housing conditions as well as illnesses and bad food made people complain, but they were severely punished. P.P. Melnikov’s proposal to mechanize the construction wasn’t supported, as it required great costs. Only four excavators were bought in the USA. (At that time, there were seven excavators in the world – three other machines operated in the U.S. and Great Britain.)

(5) The inauguration of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway took place on November 1, 1851. The first train departed from St. Petersburg at 11.15 a.m. In 21 hours 45 minutes, the train arrived safe and sound at its destination. There were 17 passengers in the first-class carriages, 63 – in the second-class carriages and 112 – in the third-class carriages. Tickets had been sold out 4 months before. The speed of the first trains was 40 kmh. Two years later, it was increased up to 60 kmh. It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains.

(6) It is interesting to note that the railway was completely straight and level apart from a 7-km curve near the city of Novgorod. According to the legend, when Nicholas I was shown the plans for a rail link between the northern capital and Moscow, he took a ruler and drew a

straight line between the two cities. Accidentally, he drew around his own finger on the ruler,

breaking the straight line on the map. Another version is that there was a small notch in the ruler. Construction workers were too afraid of mentioning the mistake to the Tsar and included a 7-km curve into the line known ever since as the Tsar’s Finger.

(7) However, the truth is more prosaic. The curve, also called the Verebinsky1 bypass, was actually built in 1877 to circumvent a 17-km steep gradient. Russian steam locomotives of the time were not powerful and trains heading for Moscow needed four locomotives to get up the hill. In 2001, after 150 years of continuous use, the curve was finally straightened out

reducing the entire length by 5 km.

Упр. 7. Перепишите 4, 5 абзацы текста и письменно переведите их

(4) Император Николай I издал указ о его строительстве 1 февраля 1842 года. Строительство началось в 1843 году и продолжалось около 10 лет. Фактически эту работу сделали более 50 000 крепостных, используя только лопаты и топоры. Они работали от восхода до заката, каждый день, включая воскресенья и праздники. Только когда дождь стал очень сильным, им дали выходной. Крепостные постоянно болели. Ужасные условия труда и жилья, а также болезни и плохое питание заставляли людей жаловаться, но их сурово наказывали. Предложение П.П. Мельникова механизировать строительство не было поддержано, так как требовало больших затрат. В США закупили всего четыре экскаватора. (На тот момент в мире было семь экскаваторов – еще три машины работали в США и Великобритании.)

(5) Открытие Петербурго-Московской железной дороги состоялось 1 ноября 1851 года. Первый поезд отправился из Петербурга в 11 часов 15 минут. В 21 час 45 минут поезд прибыл в целости и сохранности к месту назначения. В вагонах первого класса находилось 17 пассажиров, в вагонах второго класса — 63, в вагонах третьего класса — 112. Билеты были распроданы 4 месяца назад. Скорость первых поездов составляла 40 км/ч. Через два года ее увеличили до 60 км/ч. Это был мировой рекорд скорости пассажирских поездов.

Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз:

1. инженер, который руководил строительством железной дороги

2. двухпутная линия, работающая на паровой тяге

3. чугунные и каменные водопропускные трубы

4. некоторые реакционные чиновники выступали против строительства железной дороги

5. используя только лопаты и топоры

6. мировой рекорд по скорости движения пассажирских поездов

7. железная дорога была абсолютно прямой и ровной

8. крутой подъём

9. поезда, идущие в Москву

10. кривой участок пути был выпрямлен

 

1. engineer who supervised the construction of the railway

2. double-track line running on steam traction

3. cast iron and stone culverts

4. some reactionary officials opposed the construction of the railway

5. using only shovels and axes

6. world record for the speed of passenger trains

7. the railway was absolutely straight and level

8. steep climb

9. trains going to Moscow

10. The crooked section of the path was straightened

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Если утверждение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False».

Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1. The St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway is the leading traffic artery for the whole of the north-east region of Russia, operated by the Oktyabrskaya Railway. True

2. According to Melnikov’s project, the railway was constructed to standard gauge. True

3. All the stations on the line were designed in the style of classical architecture. True

4. Both officials and the public supported the idea of a railway connecting the two capitals. False Some reactionary officials opposed to the idea of a railway connecting the two capitals.

5. There is a legend that the railway was built according to the line drawn on the map by the Tsar. False. According to the legend, when Nicholas I was shown the plans for a rail link between the northern capital and Moscow, he took a ruler and drew a straight line between the two cities.

Упр. 10. Из четырёх предложенных вариантов, выберите правильный ответ на вопрос к тексту.

1. Why were some officials against the construction of the line connecting the two major cities of Russia?

a) because they were afraid of social disorder

b) because they opposed to technological advance

c) because they were afraid of industrial revolution

d) because they didn’t like the idea of people travelling from one city to another

2. Who issued an ukase to build the railway?

a) the government

b) the Railway Ministry

c) Melnikov

d) emperor

3. Why wasn’t P.P. Melnikov’s proposal to mechanize the construction supported?

a) because it was impossible to use machines and mechanisms due to geographical conditions

b) because serfs couldn’t operate excavators and other equipment

c) because it required great costs

d) because there were no machines at that time

4. What was a 7-km curve called?

a) the Tsar’s Hand

b) the Tsar’s Finger

c) the Tsar’s Head

d) the Tsar’s Arm

5. How many passengers travelled on the first St. Petersburg-Moscow train?

a) 17

b) 45

c) 192

d) 200