Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы причастия I и причастия II.

1. When charged with murder, he was arrested.
2. Releasing the offender, the officer cautioned him not to drive too fast.
3. Being suspected of an offence, he was detained.
4. When initially detained, he was released on bail.
5. Having been questioned, he was released on bail in the interests of the investigation.
6. Outside London the police are all local forces, employed and paid by counties or county boroughs.
7. The offence related questions may normally not be put to a person after he or she has been charged with that offence.
8. Having been cautioned beforehand, he did not commit a crime.
9. Обвиненный в убийстве, он был арестован.
10. Освободив нарушителя, офицер предупредил его, чтобы он не ехал слишком быстро.
11. Он был задержан по подозрению в правонарушении.
12. При первоначальном задержании он был освобожден под залог.
13. После допроса он был освобожден под залог в интересах следствия.
14. За пределами Лондона полиция — это все местные силы, нанятые и оплачиваемые округами или округами.
15. Вопросы, связанные с правонарушением, обычно не могут быть заданы человеку после того, как ему или ей было предъявлено обвинение в этом правонарушении.
16. Будучи предупрежденным заранее, он не совершал преступления.

 

Упражнение 2. Выберите правильный вариант ответа (причастие I или причастие II) и переведите предложения.

1. The judge speaks like a man talking his opinion of everything.
2. Having stolen a pair of gloves, a criminal moved to the shoe department.
3. Supporting her by the arm policeman helped the woman out of the taxi.
4. I spent about ten minutes turning over the sixteen pages of the case before I found the main information.
5. Having seen so little in the scene of a crime, I am afraid I cannot answer all your questions.
6. Having been warned about the criminals, he left his valuables at home.
7. Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to eat anything.

8.An offender, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.

9.He didn’t doubt that the information received from the witness was of great interest to the prosecution.

 

1. Судья говорит как человек, который высказывает свое мнение обо всем.
2. После того как он преступник украл пару перчаток, он перебрался в отдел обуви.
3. Поддерживая женщину за руку, милиционер помог ей выйти из такси.
4. Я потратил около десяти минут, листая шестнадцать страниц дела, прежде чем нашел основную информацию.
5. Так мало увидев на месте преступления, боюсь, что не смогу ответить на все ваши вопросы.
6. Будучи предупрежденным о преступниках, он оставил свои ценности дома.
7. Думая, что его пытались отравить, он отказался есть что-либо.
8. Преступник, ужаснувшийся содеянному, сначала ничего не мог сказать.
9. Он не сомневался, что информация, полученная от свидетеля, представляет большой интерес для обвинения.

Упражнение 3. Выберите правильный вариант ответа  и переведите предложения.

1. The role of the jury is to decide upon issues of fact presented in a case.
2. Russia is a federation divided into a number of constituent entities.
3. The current Russian Constitution was adopted in1993.
4. People have travelled to theMoon.
5. Our students are taught by distinguished professors.
6. Equity law is governed by the bound force of precedent.
7. The evidence presented by the barrister is very important for the case.
8. A developing country is a nation with lower living standards than a developed country.
9. Роль присяжных состоит в том, чтобы принимать решения по фактическим обстоятельствам дела.
10. Россия — федерация, разделенная на ряд субъектов.
11. Действующая Конституция России была принята в 1993 году.
12. Люди побывали в Луне.
13. Наши студенты обучаются у выдающихся профессоров.
14. Закон о справедливости регулируется силой прецедента.
15. Доказательства, представленные барристером, очень важны для дела.
16. Развивающаяся страна — это страна с более низким уровнем жизни, чем в развитой стране.

 

Упражнение 4. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

1. All the necessary material (will revise/will be revised) before the exam.
2. Graduate students (are studied/study) for a higherdegree.
3. Undergraduate degree (obtains/is obtained) after 4 years ofstudy.
4. LLM (awards/is awarded) to graduate students upon completion ofstudies.
5. Higher educational institutions (admit/are admitted) successfulapplicants.
6. The Harvard University (wasn’t founded/didn’t found) in the XXcentury.
7. Punishments for crimes (impose/are imposed) according to the rules of criminal law.
8. Recently the profession of a lawyer (become/has become) more competitive.
9. The police (didn’t find, haven’t found) the killer yet.
10. For about 10 years legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill.
11. Every year the State Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws.
12. Lawyers (came, have come) to the agreement by the end of the present session.
13. You (are looking, look) very thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? – I (think, am thinking) about retirement. – But you are only 25. You only just (started, have started) your career. – I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking about retirement at 25.

 

Упражнение 5. Трансформируйте данные предложения из активного залога в пассивный.

Model: Students complete undergraduate study in 4 years.

Undergraduate study is completed in 4 years.

1. JD degree is obtained by graduates after 3 years at law school.
2. Scholarships are offered by universities to outstanding students.
3. He was registered for the bar examination.
4. Her license was given to practice in Texas.
5. The appeal was filed by the prosecution.
6. Issues of fact are decides upon by the jury.
7. Cases are heard by special juvenile courts involving young people under 17.

 

Упражнение 6 Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в нужную форму.

1. When I got up I looked out of the window and saw that it was raining. (look, see, rain)
2. Janet had worked for Smith and Brothers before she came to work for us. (work)
3. I have seen three movies so far this week. (see)
4. How long have you been waiting for me? (wait)
5. I was flying over Loch Ness last week. Have you seen Loch Ness monster? (fly, see)
6. I’m afraid I’m not hungry. I have already eaten. (already eat)
7. Peter was playing football in the afternoon when he got the call. (play)
8. “What were you doing between 9 and 12 yesterday morning”, the detective said. (do)
9. He kept looking at her, wondering where he had seen her before. (see)
10. Travelling became much easier and more comfortable in the past hundred years. (become)

 

Упражнение 7. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

1. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark.
2. He asked me where I (study, studied).
3. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time.
4. He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago.
5. Victor said he (is, was) very busy.
6. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room.
7. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off.
8. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter.
9. Не said he (is staying, was staying) at the «Ritz» Hotel.
10. We knew that he (is, was) a very clever man.

 

Упражнение 8. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в нужную форму.

1. I didn’t know that you had waited for me so I didn’t hurry.
2. I was sure that he had left Moscow and was surprised when I saw him there.
3. She said she was had been doing her homework when he came.
4. They thought he worked as a doctor and tried to find him in the hospital.
5. He knew they would read this book the following year.
6. He said he would leave tomorrow morning.
7. He ate so much yesterday that he felt sick today.
8. When I worked there, I never dealt with the people that he was talking about now.
9. The doctor said that I should not work so much.
10. He said he had been there two years ago.

Упражнение 9. Замените предложения в прямой речи на предложения в косвенной речи, произведя необходимые изменения.

1. The President says that they are not talking about any kind of censorship on the Internet.
2. The committee spokesman said a week ago that the Investigative Committee was forming a department that would investigate crimes committed by police officers.
3. A lawyer said to Mr. Woodworth that the most severe punishment now for this criminal offence was life imprisonment.
4. The associate lawyer said to his client yesterday not to interrupt him.
5. The in-house lawyer said that they had been providing there the highest quality legal assistance to their clients.
6. The Interior Minister says that Russian law should punish police officers more severely than ordinary people for illegal activities.
7. The lawyer speaking about the Graduate Recruitment Programme said that they would outline what they could offer to those employees.
8. The judge said that the owner of the Perm night-club where 156 people had been killed in a fire had been hiding in Spain before being arrested and extradited to Russia.
9. Moscow’s mayor said that they would focus on maintaining social stability and solving transportation problems.
10. The President said that the Internet might increase the quality of state governance.

 

переведите тексты. Выполните упражнения после текстов.

 

TEXT 1

Major Legal Systems

Упражнение 1. Read the text and name five major legal systems.

They are civil law, common law, customary law, mixed law, and religious law.

The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally divided into five main types: civil law, common law, customary law, mixed law, and religious law.

Civil Law, also referred to as European continental law, is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries (continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa and many Asian nations). It is derived mainly from the Roman Law. The major feature of civil law systems is that the laws are organized into systematic written codes.

Common Law, or case law, is a type of legal system in force in England and Wales (the UK) and in approximately 80 countries influenced by the former British Empire, e.g. the USA, Canada, Australia, India, and others. The formation of the English common law system is often attributed to King Henry II (12th century A.D.), who established the king’s court and proclaimed that laws were «common» to the entire English realm. It is derived from custom and judicial precedent (which is the foundation of the system), rather than statutes. In accordance with the principle of stare decisis, decisions made in higher courts are binding on lower courts incommon lawjurisdictions.

Customary Law, also called «primitive law,» «unwritten law,» or «folk law», is a type of legalsystemexistinginapproximately40countries-inAfrica,in the Pacific islands, Europe, and the Near East. It is based upon the customs of a community.

Religious Law is a legal system originating from the sacred texts of religious traditions. The main types of religious law are Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups. Sharia is the most widespread religious legal system and the sole system of law for Iran, the Maldives, and Saudi Arabia.

Mixed Law, also referred to as “pluralistic law”, consists of elements of some other legal systems — civil, common, customary, and religious (often in former colonies, e.g. South Africa, Zambia, Sri Lanka; other examples are Israel, Scotland, Louisiana, Mauritius and Quebec).

(Adapted and abridged from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html)

 

Правовые системы почти всех стран обычно делятся на пять основных типов: гражданское право, общее право, обычное право, смешанное право и религиозное право.

Гражданское право, также называемое европейским континентальным правом, является наиболее распространенным типом правовой системы в мире, применяемым в различных формах примерно в 150 странах (континентальная Европа, Латинская Америка, большая часть Африки и многие азиатские страны). Это происходит в основном из римского права. Основная особенность систем гражданского права состоит в том, что законы организованы в систематизированные письменные кодексы.

Общее право или прецедентное право — это тип правовой системы, действующей в Англии и Уэльсе (Великобритания) и примерно в 80 странах, находящихся под влиянием бывшей Британской империи, например США, Канада, Австралия, Индия и другие. Формирование английской системы общего права часто приписывается королю Генриху II (12 век н.э.), который учредил королевский суд и провозгласил, что законы были «общими» для всего английского королевства. Он проистекает из обычаев и судебных прецедентов (которые являются основой системы), а не из законов. В соответствии с принципом stare decisis решения, принятые в судах более высокой инстанции, имеют обязательную силу для судов более низкой юрисдикции.

Обычное право, также называемое «примитивным правом», «неписаным правом» или «народным правом», является разновидностью правовой системы, существующей примерно в 40 странах Африки, на островах Тихого океана, в Европе и на Ближнем Востоке. Он основан на обычаях сообщества.

Религиозное право — это правовая система, восходящая к священным текстам религиозных традиций. Основными типами религиозного права являются шариат в исламе, галаха в иудаизме и каноническое право в некоторых христианских группах. Шариат — это наиболее распространенная религиозная правовая система и единственная система права для Ирана, Мальдивских островов и Саудовской Аравии.

Смешанное право, также называемое «плюралистическим правом», состоит из элементов некоторых других правовых систем — гражданской, общей, обычной и религиозной (часто в бывших колониях, например, в Южной Африке, Замбии, Шри-Ланке; другими примерами являются Израиль, Шотландия. , Луизиана, Маврикий и Квебек).

 

Упражнение 2  Decide which statement contains the main idea of the text. Choose one:

• Every legal system has its history, sources and principles. True.
• The two major legal systems in the world are civil law and continental law. False.
• There are a number of legal systems in the world with their specific sources and main principles. True.
• All legal systems of the world originate from custom and religious beliefs. False.

Упражнение 3  Answer the following questions:

1. Where did common law and civil law originate from? Common Law, or case law, is a type of legal system in force in England and Wales (the UK) and in approximately 80 countries influenced by the former British Empire, e.g. the USA, Canada, Australia, India, and others. Civil Law, also referred to as European continental law, is the most widespread type of legal system in the world, applied in various forms in approximately 150 countries (continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa and many Asian nations). It is derived mainly from the Roman Law.
2. What does stare decisis mean? In accordance with the principle of stare decisis, decisions made in higher courts are binding on lower courts in common law jurisdictions.

3.What kinds of religious law are mentioned in the text? The main types of religious law are Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups.

1. Are there mixed law systems in the developed countries? Yes, there are.
2. Which facts from the text do you find most interesting? Why? The most interesting fact for me is that Sharia is the most widespread religious legal system and the sole system of law for Iran, the Maldives, and Saudi Arabia.

 

Упражнение 4 a) Decide which statements are true or false.

 

STATEMENT	TRUE	FALSE
1. There are 5 main legal families in the world.	+
2. Both civil law and common law systems are based on custom.		+
3. Civil law is typical of all European countries.	+
4. Precedent is a major concept in common law.		+
5. A statute is an unwritten law.	+

1. b) Correct the false statements from a) and write down the correct version.

 

TEXT 2

Упражнение 1 Read the text and name the sources of Civil Law and Common Law

 

Civil Law vs Common Law

The two principal legal systems in the world today are those of civil, or continental law and common law.

Continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa and many Central European and Asian nations are part of the civil law system; the United States, along with England and other countries once part of the British Empire, belong to the common law system.

The civil law system has its roots in ancient Roman law, updated in the 6th century A.D. by the Emperor Justinian and adapted in later times by French and German jurists.

The common law system began developing in England almost a millennium ago. By the time England’s Parliament was established, its royal judges had already begun basing their decisions on customary law «common» to the realm. A body of decisions was accumulating.   After the American Revolution, English common law was enthusiastically embraced by the newly independent American states.

It is often said that the common law system consists of unwritten «judge-made» law while the civil law system is composed of written codes.   For example, historically, much law in the American common law system has been created by judicial decisions, especially in such important areas as the law of property, contracts and torts.   Civil law countries, in contrast, have adopted comprehensive civil codes covering such topics as persons, things, obligations and inheritance, as well as penal codes, codes of procedure and codes covering such matters as commercial law.

In the United States, written law includes constitutions (both federal and state) as well as enactments by Congress and state legislatures.   In addition, at both the federal and state levels, much law has in fact been codified. At the federal level, for example, there is an internal revenue code. State legislatures have adopted uniform codes in such areas as penal and commercial law. There are also uniform rules of civil and criminal procedure which, although typically adopted by the highest courts of the federal and state systems, are ultimately ratified by the legislatures. Judicial decisions interpreting constitutions and legislative enactments also become sources of the law themselves.

At the same time, not all law in civil law countries is codified in the sense that it is organized into a comprehensive organic, whole statement of the law on a given subject.  In many civil law countries, lower courts tend to follow the decisions of higher courts in the system because of their persuasive argumentation. Nevertheless, a judge in the civil law system is not legally bound by the previous decision of a higher court in an identical or similar case and is quite free to ignore the decision altogether.

In common law countries, judicial decisions do have the force of law and must be respected by the public, by lawyers and of course, by the courts themselves. This is what is signified by the «concept of precedent,» as expressed in the Latin phrase stare decisis — «let it [the decision] stand.»

Гражданское право против общего права

Сегодня в мире существуют две основные правовые системы: гражданское или континентальное право и общее право.

Континентальная Европа, Латинская Америка, большая часть Африки и многие страны Центральной Европы и Азии являются частью системы гражданского права; Соединенные Штаты, наряду с Англией и другими странами, когда-то входившими в состав Британской империи, принадлежат к системе общего права.

Система гражданского права берет свое начало в древнем римском праве, обновленном в VI веке нашей эры императором Юстинианом и адаптированном позднее французскими и немецкими юристами.

Система общего права начала развиваться в Англии почти тысячелетие назад. К тому времени, когда был учрежден английский парламент, его королевские судьи уже начали основывать свои решения на обычном праве, «общем» для королевства. Накапливалась масса решений. После американской революции английское общее право было с энтузиазмом воспринято новыми независимыми штатами Америки.

Часто говорят, что система общего права состоит из неписаного закона, «принятого судьей», тогда как система гражданского права состоит из письменных кодексов. Например, исторически многие законы в американской системе общего права создавались судебными решениями, особенно в таких важных областях, как право собственности, контракты и правонарушения. Страны гражданского права, напротив, приняли всеобъемлющие гражданские кодексы, охватывающие такие темы, как лица, вещи, обязательства и наследование, а также уголовные кодексы, процессуальные кодексы и кодексы, охватывающие такие вопросы, как коммерческое право.

В Соединенных Штатах писаный закон включает конституции (как федеральные, так и штатные), а также постановления Конгресса и законодательных собраний штатов. Кроме того, как на федеральном уровне, так и на уровне штатов многие законы фактически кодифицированы. На федеральном уровне, например, есть внутренний налоговый кодекс. Законодательные органы штатов приняли единые кодексы в таких областях, как уголовное и торговое право. Существуют также единые правила гражданского и уголовного судопроизводства, которые, хотя обычно принимаются высшими судами федеральной и государственной систем, в конечном итоге ратифицируются законодательными органами. Судебные решения, интерпретирующие конституции и законодательные акты, также сами становятся источниками закона.

В то же время не все право в странах гражданского права кодифицировано в том смысле, что оно организовано в виде всеобъемлющего, органичного, целостного положения закона по данному предмету. Во многих странах с гражданским правом нижестоящие суды склонны следовать решениям вышестоящих судов в системе из-за их убедительной аргументации. Тем не менее, судья в системе гражданского права не связан юридически предыдущим решением вышестоящего суда по аналогичному или аналогичному делу и может полностью проигнорировать это решение.

В странах общего права судебные решения действительно имеют силу закона и должны уважаться общественностью, юристами и, конечно, самими судами. Это то, что означает «концепция прецедента», выраженная латинским выражением stare decisis — «пусть оно [решение] остается в силе».

 

It is often said that the common law system consists of unwritten «judge-made» law while the civil law system is composed of written codes.

Упражнение 2 Decide which statement contains the main idea of the text. Choose one:

1. There are many legal systems in the world.
2. The common law system is the most widespread.
3. Common Law differs from Continental law.
4. Continental law countries have written codes.

 

Упражнение 3 Answer the following questions:

1. What countries are part of the civil law system? Continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa and many Central European and Asian nations are part of the civil law system.
2. What are the roots of the civil law system? The civil law system has its roots in ancient Roman law, updated in the 6th century A.D. by the Emperor Justinian and adapted in later times by French and German jurists.
3. What does common law system consist of? It is often said that the common law system consists of unwritten «judge-made» law while the civil law system is composed of written codes.
4. What are the peculiarities of the law system in the United States? In the United States, written law includes constitutions (both federal and state) as well as enactments by Congress and state legislatures. In addition, at both the federal and state levels, much law has in fact been codified.
5. What is the concept of precedent? This is what is signified by the «concept of precedent,» as expressed in the Latin phrase stare decisis — «let it [the decision] stand.»

Упражнение 4 a) Decide which statements are true or false:

 

STATEMENT	TRUE	FALSE
1. The United States belong to the common law system.	+
2. The common law system began developing in England almost a century ago.		+
3. Common law system consists of written codes.	+
4. Not all law in civil law countries is codified.		+
5. In common law and in civil law countries judicial decisions have the force of law.	+

1. b) Correct the false statements from a) and write down the correct version.

 

TEXT 3

Упражнение 1 Read the text about legal education and say whether legal education in Russia is more similar to the UK or the US model.

LEGAL EDUCATION

Legal Education Around the World

Different countries around the world all have their own systems for preparing lawyers, but lawyers everywhere have to study formally (typically at a university or law school)  before undertaking some sort of work experience, which involves shadowing fully qualified lawyers.

Studying law in the UK

In the UK, a legal education usually begins with the completion of a bachelor degree in law, known as an LLB, which usually takes 3 years.

In the subsequent vocational stage, a person who wishes to become a barrister joins one of the Inns of Court before beginning the Bar Vocational Course. The completion of this stage is marked by a ceremony referred to as the call to the Bar.

A third stage, known as pupilage, is a year-long apprenticeship, usually at a set of barristers’ chambers, which customarily consists of groups of 20-60 barristers.

Similarly, a person wishing to become a solicitor, must also complete 3 stages: the first stage involves gaining a law degree; the second stage requires a one-year Legal Practice Course (LPC); and the final stage entails working for 2 years as a trainee solicitor with a firm of solicitors or in the legal department of a local authority or large company.

                                                Studying law in the USA

In the USA, a legal education comprises 4 years of undergraduate study  to obtain a bachelor degree, which is followed by 3 years of law school. A law school graduate receives the degree of Juris Doctor (J.D.). In order to qualify as a lawyer, a law school graduate must pass the bar examination.

Some students may return to school later to pursue a Master of Laws degree (LLM) in a particular subject, such as international law, intellectual property law, or tax law. There are other advanced law degrees: Doctor of Juridical Science or Doctor of Judicial Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D.).

The Bar

In English-speaking countries, the Bar is a term for the legal profession itself, while a bar association is the association which regulates the profession. A person who qualifies to practice law is admitted to the Bar; on the other hand, to disbar a lawyer is to make him or her unable to practice law.

 

ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Юридическое образование в мире

В разных странах мира есть свои собственные системы подготовки юристов, но юристы повсюду должны пройти формальное обучение (обычно в университете или юридическом институте), прежде чем приобретать какой-либо опыт работы, который включает в себя слежку за полностью квалифицированными юристами.

Изучение права в Великобритании

В Великобритании юридическое образование обычно начинается с получения степени бакалавра права, известной как LLB, которая обычно занимает 3 года.

На последующем этапе профессионального обучения лицо, желающее стать адвокатом, поступает в одну из судебных инстанций перед началом профессионального курса адвокатуры. Завершение этого этапа отмечается церемонией, называемой вызовом адвокатуры.

Третий этап, известный как ученичество, — это годичное ученичество, обычно в нескольких адвокатских палатах, которые обычно состоят из групп из 20-60 адвокатов.

Точно так же человек, желающий стать солиситором, также должен пройти 3 этапа: первый этап включает получение степени юриста; второй этап требует годичного курса юридической практики (LPC); и заключительный этап предполагает работу в течение 2 лет в качестве стажера адвоката в адвокатской фирме или в юридическом отделе местного органа власти или крупной компании.

Изучение права в США

В США юридическое образование включает 4 года обучения в бакалавриате для получения степени бакалавра, за которыми следуют 3 года обучения в юридической школе. Выпускник юридического факультета получает степень доктора юридических наук (J.D.). Чтобы получить квалификацию юриста, выпускник юридического факультета должен сдать экзамен на адвоката.

Некоторые студенты могут вернуться в школу позже, чтобы получить степень магистра права (LLM) по определенному предмету, например международному праву, праву интеллектуальной собственности или налоговому праву. Есть и другие ученые степени в области права: доктор юридических наук или доктор юридических наук (J.S.D. или S.J.D.).

Kоллегия адвокатов

В англоязычных странах коллегия адвокатов — это термин, обозначающий саму профессию юриста, а ассоциация адвокатов — это ассоциация, регулирующая эту профессию. Лицо, имеющее право заниматься юридической практикой, принимается в коллегию адвокатов; с другой стороны, отстранение юриста от должности означает лишить его или ее возможности заниматься юридической практикой.

Упражнение 2 Find terms in the text above which match the following definitions:

1. A lawyer who is qualified to plead on behalf of clients. Barrister.
2. In the UK, a training course which enables people who wish to become barristers to acquire the skills and knowledge to prepare them for the specialized training of the pupilage. Apprenticeship.
3. A ceremony held at the end of this training course, when a candidate enters the profession. The call to the Bar.
4. Organization regulating the legal profession. The Bar association.
5. In the USA, an important test taken by law school graduates which, when passed, qualifies a person to practice law. Bar examination.
6. Granted entrance to the legal profession. Admission.
7. To compel a lawyer to stop practicing law due to an offence committed. To disbar a lawyer

Упражнение 3 Answer the following questions:

1. What are the three stages of education for barristers? In the subsequent vocational stage, a person who wishes to become a barrister joins one of the Inns of Court before beginning the Bar Vocational Course. The completion of this stage is marked by a ceremony referred to as the call to the Bar. A third stage, known as pupilage, is a year-long apprenticeship, usually at a set of barristers’ chambers, which customarily consists of groups of 20-60 barristers.
2. How long does the third stage last for the future solicitors? It is a year-long apprenticeship.
3. How long does it last to obtain an LLB in the USA? It usually takes 3 years.
4. What does it mean “to disbar a lawyer”? It means to make him or her unable to practice law.

 

Упражнение 4

1. a) Decide which statements are true or false

 

STATEMENT	TRUE	FALSE
1. LLB in the UK usually takes four years.		+
2. Pupilage lasts one year.	+
3. Trainee solicitors work at courts.		+
4. The Bar is the association that regulates barristers’ work.	+
5. A person who qualifies to practice law is admitted to the Bar.	+

1. b) Correct the false statements from a) and write down the correct version.

 

TEXT 4

THE LEGAL PROFESSION

Упражнение 1 Read the text and name two legal professions in England.

They are called barristers and solicitors.

There are two types of lawyer who practice in England. They are called barristers and solicitors. In the USA and most other countries, lawyers do not make this division – a lawyer is simply known as an attorney at law, or an attorney.

In both England and the USA, it is not possible to take a special exam to be a judge. If you decide that you want to be a judge, you must get a lot of experience as a lawyer first, then apply to be a judge and wait to see if you are chosen.

Most students in England become solicitors. When they finish their university studies, they do a one-year legal practice course and then a two-year training contract with a law firm. After that, they are qualified solicitors. Many solicitors work for a legal practice, which is usually a partnership of solicitors who work together. Solicitors practice in many areas of law –  corporate and commercial, litigation, property, private law, banking, employment law and environmental law, although each solicitor usually chooses to specialize in one particular area. They represent their clients both in and out of court. The process of making a claim in the civil court is called litigation.

Barristers are self-employed lawyers and do not work in partnerships in the way that solicitors do. They are specialists in advocacy, which is the skill of speaking for someone in court (or pleading a case).   Barristers can work as in-house lawyers. They also give opinions on areas of law to solicitors who have the right of audience in court – solicitors are also allowed to represent their clients in court, and many solicitors appear in court every day. So it is not true to say that a client always needs a barrister in court.

 

Есть два типа юристов, практикующих в Англии. Их называют барристерами и солиситорами. В США и большинстве других стран юристы не делят этого деления — юрист просто известен как присяжный поверенный или поверенный.

И в Англии, и в США нельзя сдать специальный экзамен на судейство. Если вы решите, что хотите стать судьей, вы должны сначала получить большой опыт работы в качестве юриста, затем подать заявку на должность судьи и подождать, пока вас не выберут.

Большинство студентов в Англии становятся солиситорами. Когда они заканчивают учебу в университете, они проходят годичный курс юридической практики, а затем двухлетний контракт на обучение с юридической фирмой. После этого они становятся квалифицированными юристами. Многие солиситоры работают в юридической практике, которая обычно представляет собой партнерство солиситоров, работающих вместе. Адвокаты практикуют во многих областях права — корпоративном и коммерческом, судебном, имущественном, частном, банковском, трудовом и экологическом праве, хотя каждый адвокат обычно выбирает специализацию в одной конкретной области. Они представляют своих клиентов как в суде, так и за его пределами. Процесс подачи иска в гражданский суд называется судебным разбирательством.

Барристеры являются самозанятыми юристами и не работают в товариществах, как солиситоры. Они являются специалистами по защите интересов, то есть умению выступать за кого-то в суде (или вести дело). Барристеры могут работать штатными юристами. Они также дают мнения по областям права адвокатам, которые имеют право выступать в суде — адвокатам также разрешено представлять своих клиентов в суде, и многие адвокаты появляются в суде каждый день. Поэтому неверно утверждать, что клиенту всегда нужен адвокат в суде.

Упражнение  2 Find terms in the text above which match the following definitions:

1. A person, typically a lawyer, appointed to act for another in business or legal matters. A barrister.
2. A public officer appointed to decide cases in a law court. A judge.
3. The carrying out of the profession of being a lawyer. a legal practice.
4. Public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy. Advocacy.
5. A lawyer working for an organization. In-house lawyers.

Упражнение 3 Answer the following questions:

1. What are the two types of lawyers in England called? They are called barristers and solicitors.
2. Is it possible to pass a special exam to become a judge in the USA? Yes, it is.
3. What is “a legal practice”? Many solicitors work for a legal practice, which is usually a partnership of solicitors who work together.
4. What areas of law do solicitors practice in? Solicitors practice in many areas of law – corporate and commercial, litigation, property, private law, banking, employment law and environmental law, although each solicitor usually chooses to specialize in one particular area.
5. Do clients always need a barrister in court? Yes, they do.

Упражнение 4. According to the text, are the statements true or false?

1. If you have any kind of legal question, the first person you consult is a barrister. True.
2. A barrister and a solicitor are both qualified lawyers in the UK. True.
3. A solicitor cannot speak in a higher court. False.
4. A barrister in the UK is an independent qualified lawyer. True.
5. If you want to work for a law firm, you should become a barrister. False.

 

TEXT 5

Упражнение 1 Read the text and make the presentation about your research work.

My Research

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. I would like to introduce myself. My name is Anastasia and I’m 25 years old.

I graduated from the Law Faculty of Zabaikalsky State Humanitarian Pedagogical University in 2012. While studying at the University I specialized in employment law.

I entered the post graduate course at the Ural State Law University because I want to do research work in the sphere of employment law.

I’m a postgraduate student of the Employment Law Department. The scope of my research interests comprises the problems of the employment law arising from employment relations. Knowledge of employment and labor law is essential for our life, because we deal with employment relations every day.

The theme of my thesis is “Employment relations without written employment contract”. The goal of my research work is:

• to study the theory of Russian employment law and legal practice;
• to analyze Russian employment legislation;
• to analyze gaps in the existing legislation;
• to develop and suggest measures for improving employment legislation.

The theme is equally interesting for legal science and practice. My research is practically oriented, because informal employment is the most pressing issue for our country. In general, the results of my research would be an excellent basis for improving and reforming our state’s legislation, and useful for legal practitioners’ work.

 

 

 

My name is Oleg Petrov. I am interested in cultural-historical activity theory and developmental work research in general. Currently, I focus especially on co-configuration as a new way of organizing work, and expansive learning in multi-activity settings.

I am Professor of Adult Education and Director of the Center for Activity Theory and Developmental Work Research atUniversityofHelsinki. I am also Professor of Communication atUniversityofCalifornia,San Diego, where I served as Director of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition from 1990 to 1995. I am Honorary Professor in theSchoolofEducationatUniversity of Birmingham,UK.

I work within the framework of cultural-historical activity theory. I am known for my theory of expansive learning. I study transformations in work and organizations, combining micro level analysis of discourse and interaction with historical analysis and modeling of organizations as activity systems working through developmental contradictions.

My research groups use intervention tools such as the Change Laboratory, inspired by Vygotsky’s method of dual stimulation, to facilitate and analyze the redesign of activity systems by practitioners. My current research is focused on health care organizations, a bank, and a telecommunications company striving toward new forms of co-configuration and knotworking.

My recent books include Cognition and Communication at Work (edited with David Middleton, 1996), Perspectives on Activity Theory (edited with Reijo Miettinen and Raija-Leena Punamäki, 1999), and Between School and Work: New Perspectives on Transfer and Boundary Crossing (edited with Terttu Tuomi-Gröhn, 2003). I have just finished a new book, Collaborative Expertise: Expansive Learning in Medical Work, to be published by Cambridge University Press.

 

 

Упражнение 2.

А)  План построения презентации

Structure of the presentation:

1. Greeting and introducing yourself.
2. Giving the structure of the presentation.
3. Highlighting the purpose, object, scientific novelty and practical importance of the work done.
4. Presenting the results of the first/ second/ third part of your work.
5. Concluding the presentation and answering questions.

Б) Для выступления можно воспользоваться следующими фразами по структурным аспектам вашей презентации:

Greetings and introduction

Good morning/ afternoon/ evening everyone!

My name is…

I’m studying at the Institute of…..

I’m the first year student of the Master’s Programme on ……

I’d like to present you today the results of my scientific research work on the theme…

The theme of my Master’s thesis is …

Structuring presentation

My presentation is divided into 5 parts.

Firstly, I’ll explain the importance of the chosen theme, the aim and goals of my work.

Secondly, I’ll briefly examine the theoretical basis of my work.

Thirdly, I’ll give you some interesting facts I’ve analyzed in my work.

After that I’ll present you my suggestions how to improve …..

Finally, I’ll answer your questions.

If you don’t have any comments about the structure of my presentation, let’s get started.

Presenting the purpose, object, scientific novelty and practical importance of the work

My work is devoted to …….

Its scientific importance can be determined by the following…

My personal interest lies in / is determined by the fact that…

The aim / purpose of my research work can be defined as …

The object of my research is…

According to the object of my work the following problems have been set and solved…

The scientific novelty of my work is determined by the following facts…

Being based on studying and developing the existing theory of …,

Having summed up national and international experience in the field of …

Practical importance of my work lies in …

Factual data have been organized/ studied / analyzed.

Application of the suggestions made in the work can lead to further development and improvement of …

Presenting the conclusions of the theoretical and practical parts of the work

In the first chapter we’ve studied theoretical base of the theme, showed the place and role of…, gave definitions to the main notions, principles, mechanisms and models of …, showed their meaning and structure.

In the second chapter we’ve touched upon the issue of …

In the third chapter we’ve uncovered and analysed the problems arising when applying…

As a result of my work we have come to the following conclusion… and made the following recommendations.

Conclusion

This is the end of my presentation.

Thank you for your attention.

If you have any questions I’ll be glad / pleased to answer them.

 

TEXT 6

1. Переведите текст,

The legal profession in Russia

Legal profession in Russia is subject to few formal restrictions. No special qualification (e.g. a law degree) is necessary, if you want to give legal advice or represent clients in the court in civil matters. Formal qualifications is required if you represent clients in criminal cases as an advocate or decide cases in court as a judge. But due to the high level of competition legal education remains very important for anyone who wishes to practice law.

Law school graduates have a lot of options where to apply their knowledge. The choice s very wide. The Russian legal profession comprises prosecutors, lawyers in private practice, in-house lawyers, investigators, notaries and judges.

The law school graduates can work at the Bar, in the organs of the Prosecutor’s Office, in various courts, in notary offices, legal advice offices, in organs of police as well as in different companies, banks, and enterprises.

Some lawyers may work as judges. They preside in the courtroom, conduct legal proceedings, resolve disputes and pass judgements. Judges at the Commercial courts settle disputes arising out of the relations between legal persons.

As an advocate, a lawyer can act for the client in court and out of court. The work of an advocate includes defending the accused in criminal proceedings, interviewing clients, and drafting legal documents.

A lawyer can be a prosecutor or a prosecutor’s assistant at the Prosecutor’s Office. Their main task is to supervise the correct application and observance of the law.

In Russia, a lawyer can also work as a notary at the notary office and perform notary actions such as checking the legality of all the documents before notarizing them.

Nowadays there are a variety of job opportunities in law enforcement Police and the Investigative Committee. The main task of law enforcement is to prevent, investigate and solve crimes.

The law school graduates work as in-house lawyers for companies and enterprises. They look after the legal needs of their company or enterprise. It means that they structure and negotiate business transactions, prepare and submit materials to government bodies, inform clients about legal matters, draft legal documents such as contracts, legal options and others.

 

Юридическая профессия в России

Юридическая профессия в России имеет несколько формальных ограничений. Никакой специальной квалификации (например, юридической степени) не требуется, если вы хотите давать юридические консультации или представлять клиентов в суде по гражданским делам. Формальная квалификация требуется, если вы представляете клиентов в уголовных делах в качестве адвоката или решаете дела в суде в качестве судьи. Но из-за высокого уровня конкуренции юридическое образование остается очень важным для всех, кто хочет заниматься юридической практикой.

У выпускников юридических вузов есть много вариантов, где применить свои знания. Выбор очень большой. В российскую юридическую профессию входят прокуроры, частнопрактикующие юристы, штатные юристы, следователи, нотариусы и судьи.

Выпускники юридического факультета могут работать в адвокатуре, в органах прокуратуры, в различных судах, в нотариальных конторах, юридических консультациях, в органах полиции, а также в различных компаниях, банках и на предприятиях.

Некоторые юристы могут работать судьями. Они председательствуют в зале суда, ведут судебные разбирательства, разрешают споры и выносят решения. Судьи арбитражных судов разрешают споры, возникающие из отношений между юридическими лицами.

Как адвокат, юрист может действовать от имени клиента в суде и во внесудебном порядке. Работа адвоката включает защиту обвиняемых в уголовном процессе, опрос клиентов и подготовку юридических документов.

Адвокат может быть прокурором или помощником прокурора в прокуратуре. Их основная задача — следить за правильным применением и соблюдением закона.

В России юрист также может работать нотариусом в нотариальной конторе и выполнять нотариальные действия, такие как проверка законности всех документов перед их нотариальным заверением.

В настоящее время существует множество возможностей трудоустройства в правоохранительных органах и Следственном комитете. Основная задача правоохранительных органов — предотвращение, расследование и раскрытие преступлений.

Выпускники юридического факультета работают штатными юристами в компаниях и на предприятиях. Они заботятся о юридических потребностях своей компании или предприятия. Это означает, что они структурируют и согласовывают деловые операции, готовят и представляют материалы в государственные органы, информируют клиентов о юридических вопросах, разрабатывают юридические документы, такие как контракты, правовые варианты и другие.

 

2. Составить обзор , используя следующие клише:

 

I will make a summary of the text “The Legal profession in Russia”.

The text is devoted to the particular characteristics and qualifications of legal professions in Russia.

It is interesting to note that the law school graduates can work at the Bar.

In conclusion the author writes that there are many opportunities for lawyers in Russia.