Задание 1. Прочитаете Текст A “The Engineering Profession”.

Задание 2. Выпишите из англо-русского словаря все незнакомые профессиональные термины c их значениями.

Задание 3. Переведите текст на русский язык в письменной форме. Выполните следующие за ним задания.

Engineering

occupation

mechanical engineers

craftsmen

metal

metallurgical engineers

skilled technicians

irrigation systems

Industrial Revolution

scientific research

Инженерное дело

профессия

инженеры-механики

мастера

металл

инженеры-металлурги

квалифицированные техники

ирригационные системы

Промышленная революция

научное исследование

Text A: The Engineering Profession

Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers, and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.

Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution which began in the eighteenth century. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.

Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or she also has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.

Профессия инженера

Инженер — одно из самых древних занятий в истории. Без навыков, включенных в широкую область инженера, наша современная цивилизация никогда бы не смогла развиться. Первыми мастерами-инструменталистами, которые выкололи из камня стрелы и копья, были предшественники современных инженеров-механиков. Мастера, которые открыли металлы в земле и нашли способы их очистки и использования, были предками горных и металлургических инженеров, а опытные техники, которые изобрели ирригационные системы и построили чудесные здания древнего мира, были инженерами-строителями своего времени.

Инженерное дело часто определяется как практическое применение теоретических наук, таких как физика и математика. Многие из ранних отраслей инженерии были основаны не на науке, а на эмпирической информации, которая зависела от наблюдений и опыта.

Великие инженерные сооружения древних времен строились и эксплуатировались преимущественно рабским трудом. В средние века люди начали искать устройства и методы работы, которые были бы более эффективными и гуманными. В качестве энергии для некоторых из этих новых устройств использовались ветер, вода и животные. Это привело к промышленной революции, которая началась в восемнадцатом веке. Сначала паровые машины, а затем и другие виды машин взяли на себя все больше и больше работы, которую раньше выполняли люди или животные. Джеймс Ватт, одна из ключевых фигур на раннем этапе развития паровых двигателей, разработал концепцию лошадиных сил, чтобы дать своим клиентам понять, какой объем работы могут выполнять его машины.

Начиная с девятнадцатого века как научные исследования, так и практическое применение их результатов расширились. Теперь у инженера-механика есть математическая способность вычислять механическое преимущество, которое возникает в результате сложного взаимодействия множества различных механизмов. У него также есть новые и более прочные материалы, с которыми можно работать, и новые огромные источники энергии. Промышленная революция началась с того, что заставили работать воду и пар; с тех пор машины, использующие электричество, бензин и другие источники энергии, стали настолько распространенными, что теперь они выполняют очень большую часть работы в мире.

Задание 4. Выпишите из текста существительные в единственном числе и поставьте их во множественное число.

e.g. science – sciences

field — fields

day — days

civilization — civilizations

rock — rocks

world — worlds

application — applications

observation — observations

century — centuries

steam — steams

key — keys

ability — abilities

advantage — advantages

Revolution — revolutions

proportion — proportions

Задание 5. Выпишите из текста существительные во множественном числе; укажите, в каких случаях окончание множественного числа произносится как [s], [z], [iz].

e.g. materials [z]

occupations [z]

skills [z]

toolmakers [z]

arrows [z]

spears [z]

forerunners [z]

engineers[z]

metals [z]

ancestors [z]

engineers[z]

technicians [z]

systems [z]

buildings [z]

sciences [iz]

means [z]

devices [iz]

methods [z]

engines [z]

results [s]

mechanisms[z]

materials [z]

sources [iz]

Задание 6. Выпишите из текста и переведите существительные, имеющие словообразовательные аффиксы (приставки и суффиксы), подчеркните их.

e.g. information

civilization

toolmakers

forerunners

engineers

technicians

irrigation

application

information

observation

Revolution

development

interaction

proportion

 

 

Задание 7. Выпишите их текста прилагательные, образуйте их степени сравнения.

new – newer – the newest

ancient – more ancient -most ancient

practical – more practical – the most practical

efficient — more efficient – the most efficient

humane – more humane – the most humane

practical – more practical – the most practical

complex – more complex – the most complex

widespread – more widespread – the most widespread

large – larger – the largest

Задание 8. Выпишите из текста и переведите прилагательные, имеющие словообразовательные аффиксы (приставки и суффиксы), подчеркните их.

Different

mechanical

metallurgical

marvellous

practical

theoretical

empirical

efficient

practical

mathematical

mechanical

different

enormous

Задание 9: выпишите из текста предложения, в которых сказуемое выражено глаголом to be, определите время сказуемого, напишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

e.g. Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history.

is – форма глагола to be, Present Simple Active 

1. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. Past Simple Active

2. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers, and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time. Past Simple Active 

3. Were the first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers?

4. Were the craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers, and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time?

5. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock weren’t the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers.

6. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them weren’t the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers, and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.

 

 

Задание 10. Определите время сказуемых в следующих предложениях.

e.g. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage.

has — форма глагола to have, Present Simple Active.

1. Computer industry is developing fast. Present Continuous Active. 2. Automation can mean automatic control of processes and machinery. Modal Verb and Infinitive. 3. The electric car was not used again until the 1970s. Past Simple Passive. 4. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Present Simple Active. 5. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. Present Simple Passive. Present Simple Active. 6. A system of control usually consists of three basic units Present Simple Active. 7. Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending and shear. Modal Verb and Infinitive. 8. History provides very early examples of automatic control, but they were little used in industry. Present Simple Active- Past Simple Passive.

 

Задание 11. Выпишите из текста сказуемые в Past Simple, переведите их на русский язык, напишите эти глаголы в трёх формах.

 

1. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. Can – could.

2. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. To be – was\were – been.

3. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and found ways to refine and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers, and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvellous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time. Discover – discovered – discovered.

4. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience. To base – based – based.

5. The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. Construct – constructed – constructed.

6. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. Begin – begun – begun.

7. This led to the Industrial Revolution which began in the eighteenth century. Lead – led – led.

8. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. Take – took – taken.

9. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform. Devise – devised – devised.

10. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world. Begin – began – begun. Become – became – become.

1. Без навыков, включенных в широкую область инженерии, наша современная цивилизация никогда бы не смогла развиться.

2. Первыми мастерами-инструменталистами, которые выкололи из камня стрелы и копья, были предшественники современных инженеров-механиков.

3. Мастера, которые открыли металлы в земле и нашли способы их очистки и использования, были предками горных и металлургических инженеров, а квалифицированные техники, которые изобрели ирригационные системы и построили чудесные здания древнего мира, были инженерами-строителями их время.

4. Многие из ранних отраслей инженерии были основаны не на науке, а на эмпирической информации, которая зависела от наблюдений и опыта.

5. Великие инженерные сооружения древности строились и эксплуатировались в основном рабским трудом.

6. В средние века люди начали искать устройства и методы работы, которые были бы более эффективными и гуманными. В качестве энергии для некоторых из этих новых устройств использовались ветер, вода и животные.

7. Это привело к промышленной революции, которая началась в восемнадцатом веке.

8. Сначала паровые машины, а затем и другие виды машин взяли на себя все больше и больше работы, которую раньше выполняли люди или животные.

9. Джеймс Ватт, одна из ключевых фигур на раннем этапе развития паровых машин, разработал концепцию лошадиных сил, чтобы дать своим клиентам понять, какой объем работы могут выполнять его машины.

10. Промышленная революция началась с того, что заставили работать воду и пар; с тех пор машины, использующие электричество, бензин и другие источники энергии, стали настолько распространены, что теперь они выполняют очень большую часть работы в мире.

 

Задание 12. Выпишите из текста предложения в страдательном залоге, переведите их на русский язык, напишите их в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics.

2. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

3. The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor.

4. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices.

5. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals.

6. Is engineering often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics?

7. Were many of the early branches of engineering based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience?

8. Were the great engineering works of ancient times constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor?

9. Were wind, water, and animals used to provide energy for some of these new devices?

10. Did first steam engines and then other kinds of machines take over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals?

11. Engineering isn’t often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics.

12. Many of the early branches of engineering weren’t based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

13. The great engineering works of ancient times weren’t constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor.

14. Wind, water, and animals weren’t used to provide energy for some of these new devices.

15. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that hadn’t previously been done by human beings or by animals.

16. Инженерное дело часто определяется как практическое применение теоретических наук, таких как физика и математика.

17. Многие из ранних отраслей инженерии были основаны не на науке, а на эмпирической информации, которая зависела от наблюдений и опыта.

18. Великие инженерные сооружения древности строились и эксплуатировались в основном рабским трудом.

19. Ветер, вода и животные использовались для обеспечения энергией некоторых из этих новых устройств.

20. Сначала паровые машины, а затем и другие виды машин взяли на себя все больше и больше работы, которую раньше выполняли люди или животные.

 

Задание 13. Ответьте на вопросы письменно:

1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining and metallurgical, and civil engineers? The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers.

2. How is engineering often defined? Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics.

3. What kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.

The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor.

4. Name two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times. Technology and rapid growth of people are two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times.

5. What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work? During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water, and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices.

6. What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy? Application of energy was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy.

7. Who was James Watt? Why did he devise the concept of horsepower? First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work his machines could perform.

8. What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer? Since the nineteenth century both scientific research and practical application of its results have escalated. The mechanical engineer now has the mathematical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage that results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms.

9. What energy sources have come into common use since steam engines were developed at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work; since then machines using electricity, gasoline, and other energy sources have become so widespread that they now do a very large proportion of the work of the world.

 

 

Задание 14. Переведите текст B на русский язык в письменной форме. Выполните следующие за ним задания.

Text B:

Automation (Part 1)

“Automation” is a new word for a new purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly. Recent steps in automation have followed each other with unusual speed. Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become very nearly automatic. They want to know how this has happened. Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization — transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly. Machines of this kind are automatic in that they do the actual work on their own; the operators only watch them and correct them whenever they go wrong — when, for instance, tools wear out.

But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

 

Автоматизация (Часть 1)

«Автоматизация» — это новое слово для новой цели. Обычно автоматизация — это любое улучшение контроля некоторой деятельности или процесса не человеком, то есть автоматическими средствами, но иногда этот термин определяется более узко. Последние шаги в автоматизации следовали друг за другом с необычайной скоростью. Многие люди удивляются, узнав, что в таких отраслях, как химическая и нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность, все процессы стали почти автоматическими. Они хотят знать, как это произошло. Электронные компьютеры очень хорошо справляются с рутинной канцелярской работой в офисах и на фабриках.

У автоматизации много сторон. Он включает, например, разработки, которые представляют собой не более чем передовую механизацию — передаточные машины в машиностроении, многие виды машин для производства готовой продукции и механическое оборудование для погрузочно-разгрузочных работ и сборки. Машины этого типа являются автоматическими в том смысле, что они выполняют фактическую работу самостоятельно; операторы только наблюдают за ними и исправляют их всякий раз, когда они выходят из строя, например, когда изнашиваются инструменты.

Но автоматизация также может означать автоматическое управление процессами и механизмами, и это очень отличается от механизации, хотя они и идут вместе. Контроль необходим в огромном количестве процессов, чтобы поддерживать качество продукта, когда рабочие условия, такие как температура и давление, время от времени меняются.

Задание 15. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний.

1. oil-refining entire processes e. нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность

2. control i. управление

3. improvement a. улучшение

4. engineering k. проектирование

5. mechanical equipment b. механическое оборудование

6. handling c. обращение, управление

7. assembly h. сборка

8. tools f. инструменты

9. whenever they go wrong d. всякий раз, когда они допускают погрешности

10. wear out g. выходить из строя

11. assembly j. сборка

 

 

Задание 16. Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What is automation? Automation” is a new word for a new purpose.

2. What is ordinarily automation? Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly.

3.What are the sides of automation? Automation has many sides. It includes, for example, developments that are no more than advanced mechanization — transfer-machines in engineering, many kinds of machinery for making finished goods, and mechanical equipment for handling and assembly.

4. In what processes is control necessary? Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

5. What industries have become very nearly automatic? But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together.

6. What is the difference between “automation” and “automatic control”? But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

7. What is the purpose of automatic control? Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

8. Where are electronic computers employed? Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

 

Задание 17. Завершите следующие предложения.

a) automation is a new word for a new purpose.

b) control is necessary in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

c) In industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have

become very nearly automatic.

d) Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

e) Control is necessary in n a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

Get ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is automation? Automation” is a new word for a new purpose. Ordinarily automation is any improvement in the control of some activity or process by non-human, i.e. automatic means, but sometimes the term is defined more narrowly.

2. What industries have become very nearly automatic? Many people are surprised to learn that in industries like chemical and oil-refining entire processes have become very nearly automatic.

3. What is the difference between «automation» and «automatic control»? But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

4. What is the purpose of automatic control? But automation can also mean automatic control of processes and machinery, and this is a very different thing from mechanization, though the two go together. Control is necessary in a vast number of processes in order to maintain the quality of a product when the operating conditions, such as temperature and pressure, change from time to time.

5. Where are electronic computers employed? Electronic computers are becoming very good at routine clerical work in offices and factories.

 

Задание 18. Прочитайте и переведите слова.

Manufacture, manufacturing, manufacturer, machine, assembly, automation, automatic, automated, automatically, equipment, efficiency, industrial, robot, design, production, feedback, governor, engine, machining, microprocessor, industry, device, dimension, mechanized

Производство, производственный, производитель, машина, сборка, автоматизация, автоматический, автоматизированный, автоматически, оборудование, эффективность, промышленный, робот, дизайн, производство, обратная связь, регулятор, двигатель, обработка, микропроцессор, промышленность, устройство, размер, механизированный

 

Задание 19. Переведите текст в письменной форме. Выпишите незнакомые профессиональные термины. Выполните следующие за ним задания.

Text С

Automation (Part 2)

Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.

Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency.

Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. In the 1920s, the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system oil production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the fly ball governor invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.

Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down count inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.

Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to (the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can perform several different machining operations.

More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.

Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.

Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signalling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a par-ticular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods.

The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs.

Automation

manufacture

complex products

describe

nonmanufacturing systems

Automated manufacturing

Mechanization

simplification

to design and build machines

 

Автоматизация

производство

сложные продукты

описsdfnm

непроизводственные системы

Автоматизированное производство

Механизация

упрощение

проектировать и строить машины

 

Автоматизация (Часть 2)

Автоматизация — это система производства, выполняющая определенные задачи, которые раньше выполнялись людьми, только машинами. Последовательность операций контролируется автоматически. Самый известный пример высокоавтоматизированной системы — это завод по сборке автомобилей или других сложных изделий.

Термин «автоматизация» также используется для описания непроизводственных систем, в которых автоматические устройства могут работать независимо от контроля человека. Такие устройства, как автопилоты, автоматическая телефонная аппаратура и автоматизированные системы управления используются для выполнения различных операций намного быстрее и лучше, чем это могли бы сделать люди.

Автоматизированное производство прошло несколько этапов своего развития. Механизация была первым необходимым шагом в развитии автоматизации. Упрощение работы позволило конструировать и строить машины, которые напоминали движения рабочего. Эти специализированные машины были моторизованы, и они имели лучшую производственную эффективность.

Промышленные роботы, изначально разработанные только для выполнения простых задач в среде, опасной для людей, в настоящее время широко используются для перемещения, манипулирования и позиционирования как легких, так и тяжелых деталей, выполняющих все функции передаточной машины. В 20-х годах прошлого века в автомобильной промышленности впервые была применена комплексная система добычи нефти. Этот метод производства был принят большинством производителей автомобилей и стал известен как автоматизация Детройта.

Принцип обратной связи используется во всех механизмах автоматического управления, когда машины имеют возможность исправлять себя. Принцип обратной связи используется веками. Ярким ранним примером является регулятор скорости вращения шара, изобретенный в 1788 году Джеймсом Ваттом для управления скоростью парового двигателя. Обычный бытовой термостат — еще один пример устройства обратной связи.

Используя устройства обратной связи, машины могут запускаться, останавливаться, ускоряться, замедляться, подсчет проверять, тестировать, сравнивать и измерять. Эти операции обычно применяются в самых разных производственных операциях.

Компьютеры значительно облегчили использование обратной связи в производственных процессах. Компьютеры дали толчок к развитию машин с числовым программным управлением. Движения этих машин управляются перфорированной бумагой или магнитными лентами. В обрабатывающих центрах с числовым программным управлением станки могут выполнять несколько различных операций обработки.

В последнее время появление микропроцессоров и компьютеров сделало возможным развитие технологий автоматизированного проектирования и автоматизированного производства (CAD и CAM). При использовании этих систем дизайнер рисует деталь и указывает ее размеры с помощью мыши, светового пера или другого устройства ввода. После завершения чертежа компьютер автоматически дает инструкции, которые направляют обрабатывающий центр для обработки детали.

Еще одна разработка с использованием автоматизации — это гибкие производственные системы (FMS). Компьютер в FMS можно использовать для мониторинга и управления работой всего завода.

Автоматизация также оказала влияние не только на производство, но и на другие области экономики. Маленькие компьютеры используются в системах, называемых текстовыми процессорами, которые быстро становятся стандартной частью современного офиса. Они используются для редактирования текстов, набора букв и т. Д.

Многие отрасли промышленности в высокой степени автоматизированы или используют технологии автоматизации в какой-либо части своей деятельности. В коммуникациях и особенно в телефонной отрасли набор и передача данных осуществляются автоматически. Железные дороги также контролируются устройствами автоматической сигнализации, которые имеют датчики, обнаруживающие прохождение вагонов через конкретный пункт. Таким образом можно отслеживать движение и расположение поездов.

Не все отрасли требуют одинаковой степени автоматизации. Сбыт, сельское хозяйство и некоторые сферы услуг трудно автоматизировать, хотя сельское хозяйство может стать более механизированным, особенно в области обработки и упаковки пищевых продуктов.

Технологии автоматизации производства и сборки широко используются в автомобильной и других отраслях промышленности.

Тем не менее, в каждой отрасли есть собственная концепция автоматизации, отвечающая ее конкретным производственным потребностям.

 

Задание 20. В тексте С найдите английские эквиваленты словосочетаний.

Автоматические устройства; автоматизированное производство; автоматизированная система управления; выполнять простые задачи; как легкие, так и тяжелые детали; интегрированная система производства; обратная связь; принцип обратной связи; механизм может разгоняться и тормозить; компьютер автоматически посылает команды; высокоавтоматизированная система; непроизводственная система; последовательность действий; сборочный завод; автоматизированное проектирование; автоматизированное производство; гибкие производственные системы.

 

Automatic devices; automated production; automated control system; perform simple tasks; both light and heavy parts; integrated production system; Feedback; feedback principle; the mechanism can accelerate and brake; the computer automatically sends commands; highly automated system; non-production system; sequencing; assembly plant; computer-aided design; automated production; flexible production systems.

 

Задание 21. Ответьте письменно на вопросы.

1. How is the term automation defined in the text С? Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only.

2. What is the most “familiar example” of automation given in the text? The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.

3. What was the first step in the development of automaton? Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation.

4. What were the first robots originally designed for? Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.

5. What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production? This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.

6. What is feedback principle? The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves.

7. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for? More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies.

8. What is FMS? Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS).

9. What industries use automation technologies? Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialling and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signalling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a par-ticular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored.

 

Задание 22. Заполните пропуски в предложениях подходящими словами и словосочетаниями.

the feedback principle, word processors, automation, manufacturing, mechanization, consumer, signaling, computers, microprocessors, operations

 

The sequences of operations are controlled automatically.

2. The term operations is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control.

3. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation.

4.  The feedback principle, is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves.

5. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes.

6.  More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of CAD and CAM technologies.

7.  Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems.

8. Small computers are used in systems called word processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office.

9 Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices.

10. The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries.

 

Задание 23. Прочитайте предложения и определите, соответствуют ли они содержанию прочитанного текста (True/False)

1. Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks. True.

2. In the 1940s, the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. True.

3. The feedback principle is used in not all automatic-control mechanisms. True.

4. All industries require the same degree of automation. True.

5. Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. False.

6. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices. True.

7. The introduction of microprocessors has made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM). True.

8. A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. True.

9. Using feedback devices machines can start and stop. False.

10. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. False.

 

Задание 24. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Text D

Automation in industry

Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of trains can be monitored. Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries. Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers

its particular production needs.

 

Автоматизация в промышленности

Многие отрасли промышленности в высокой степени автоматизированы или используют технологии автоматизации в какой-либо части своей деятельности. В коммуникациях и особенно в телефонной отрасли набор и передача данных осуществляются автоматически. Железные дороги также контролируются устройствами автоматической сигнализации, которые имеют датчики, обнаруживающие прохождение вагонов через определенный пункт. Таким образом можно отслеживать движение и расположение поездов. Не все отрасли требуют одинаковой степени автоматизации. Сбыт, сельское хозяйство и некоторые сферы услуг сложно автоматизировать, хотя сельское хозяйство может стать более механизированным, особенно в области обработки и упаковки пищевых продуктов. Технология автоматизации производства и сборки широко используется в автомобильной и других отраслях промышленности. Тем не менее, в каждой отрасли есть собственная концепция автоматизации, отвечающая его особым производственным потребностям.

 

Задание 25. В тексте D найдите английские эквиваленты слов и сочетаний.

Cельскохозяйственная промышленность; определенные производственные нужды; высокоавтоматизированный; производство и сборка; собственная концепция автоматизации; набор и передача; устройство; датчик; определенная точка; движение и расположение; одинаковый уровень автоматизации.

 

Agricultural industry; certain production needs; highly automated; production and assembly; own automation concept; recruitment and transmission; device; sensor; a certain point; movement and location; the same level of automation.

Задание 26. Прочитайте Text E. Заполните пропуски словами и выражениями.

Text E: New, super-thin material cools buildings

Nature, answer, revolutionary, nor, help, foil, expensive, direct

A team of engineers has created a super-thin material that could (1) help keep buildings cool. The team is from the University of Colorado Boulder in the USA. Engineers from the university developed the (2) revolutionary new material, that is very thin and can cool objects even under (3) direct sunlight. The material does not need energy to work (4) nor does it need water to help keep things cool. The engineers say the new material could provide an (5) answer to air conditioners, which are (6) expensive to run and need a lot of water. The material is unlike anything found in (7) Natureю It is a glass-polymer hybrid that is just 50 micrometers thick. That’s slightly thicker than the aluminum (8) foil we use for cooking.

Air, potential, top, removes, nicely, reflecting, square, 24/7

The engineers explained how their new material works. They said when it is put on (9) top of something, two things happen. The first thing is that it cools the object underneath by (10) reflecting the Sun’s rays back into space. At the same time, the second thing happens — the material (11) square the object’s own heat and sends that into the (12) Air. An engineer said: “The key advantage of this technology is that it works (13) 24/7 with no electricity or water usage. We’re excited about the opportunity to explore (14) potential uses in the power industry, aerospace, agriculture and more.” Another researcher said: “Just 10 to 20 (15) removes meters of this material on the rooftop could (16) nicely cool down a house in summer.”

Задание 27. Определите, соответствуют или нет содержанию текста следующие предложения (True/False).

1. A team of computer scientists created the super-thin material. T / F

2. The super-thin cooling materials does not work under direct sunlight. T / F

3. The new material does not need energy and water to work. T / F

4. The material is thinner than the aluminium foil we use for cooking. T / F

5. The material works by absorbing the sun’s rays and keeping the heat. T / F

6. The material works all day, every day. T / F

7. An engineer is looking forward to seeing the material used in agriculture. T / F

8. Around 15 square meters on a roof could cool a house in the summer. T / F

Задание 28. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Who created the super-thin material? A team of engineers has created a super-thin material.

2. What does the material not need to work? The material does not need energy to work nor does it need water to help keep things cool.

3. What could the new material provide an answer to? The engineers say the new material could provide an answer to air conditioners, which are (6) expensive to run and need a lot of water.

4. How thick is the new material? It is 50 micrometers thick

5. What is the new material slightly thicker than? That’s slightly thicker than the aluminum foil we use for cooking.

6. How many things happen when the material is put on top of something? They said when it is put on top of something, two things happen.

7. What does the material reflect back into space? The first thing is that it cools the object underneath by reflecting the Sun’s rays back into space.

8. How often will this new material work? The key advantage of this technology is that it works 24/7.

9. What industry was mentioned besides power and aerospace? We’re excited about the opportunity to explore potential uses in the power industry, aerospace, agriculture and more.

10. How much of the material could cool down a house in the summer? Another researcher said: “Just 10 to 20 removes meters of this material on the rooftop could (16) nicely cool down a house in summer.”

Задание 29. Подготовить устную тему “ About Myself. My University Course”. Обратите внимание на выделенные курсивом слова.

Text: My University Course

           There are many schools, colleges, and universities in Chita. They train qualified specialists. When the students graduate from higher schools they get interesting work. Usually there are several faculties in a university. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by dean. The course of study lasts 4 or 5 years.

The academic year in our country’s higher schools begins on 1 September and is divided into two terms. Students take exams at the end of each semester.

I am a first-year student at Transbaikal State University. I entered the University in 2020. I’m a part-time student at the the Faculty of Power Engineering. I combine studies with work. I try to study very hard. I do not pay for my tuition. My University course lasts five years.

My university has several buildings, old and new ones. There are many various technical and computer laboratories in the buildings. Every faculty has its specialized libraries, laboratories, workshops and computer centers.

The first- and second- year students study general engineering subjects. The first- and second-year students are provided instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, economics as well as computer science and a number of others. The curriculum also includes such subjects as foreign languages, history, chemistry, ecology, etc.

I major in Automation of Technological Processes in Industry. I am interested in technology, robotics and engineering. I’m good at math and physics.

I attend lectures, seminars and practical classes. This semester we take Russian, English, mathematics, physics, informatics and other subjects. At the end of the term, I’ll take credit tests and exams. I must attend lectures and seminars to pass exams successfully. My favourite subjects at the University are physics and chemistry. I like my classes at the University.

A very good tradition of our university is that theory is accompanied by practical training. Students begin to work at the University’s well equipped laboratories.

After five years, students will get bachelor’s degree. Then the students may go on with their studies and in a year or two of further study and research get a master’s degree.

It is interesting but difficult to study at our university, especially for the first-year students, as they don’t know yet how to organize their work and time. I try to study very hard. Education is a way to success.