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Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Sequence of Tenses:

1. I knew that you were ill. 2. I knew that you had been ill. 3. We found that she left home at 8 o’clock every morning. 4. We found that she had left home at 8o’clock that morning. 5. When he learnt that his son always received excellent marks in all the subjects at school, he was very pleased. 6. When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased. 7. We didn’t know where our friends went every evening. 8. We didn’t know where our friends had gone. 9. She said that her best friend was a doctor. 10. She said that her best friend had been a doctor. 11. I didn’t know that you worked at the Hermitage. 12. I didn’t know that you had worked at the Hermitage.
2. Я знал, что ты болеешь. 2. Я знал, что ты болел. 3. Мы поняли, что она уходит из дома в 8 часов каждое утро. 4. Мы поняли, что она ушла из дома в 8 часов утра. 5. Когда он узнал, что его сын всегда получает отличные оценки по всем предметам в школе, он очень обрадовался. 6. Когда он узнал, что его сын получил отличную отметку в школе, он очень обрадовался. 7. Мы не знали, куда ходят наши друзья каждый вечер. 8. Мы не знали, куда ушли наши друзья. 9. Она сказала, что ее лучший друг врач. 10. Она сказала, что ее лучший друг был врачом. 11. Я не знал, что вы работаете в Эрмитаже. 12. Я не знал, что вы работали в Эрмитаже.

Task 2. Choose the right form of the verb given in brackets:

1. He said that he (is staying, was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied). 4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 5. He says that he (works, worked) at school two year ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 7. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room. 8. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 9. I was sure that he (posted, had posted) the letter. 10. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would not change) for the worse. 11. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 12. I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 13. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.

Task 3. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Sequence of Tenses

TEXT

LAW IN ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME

The absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B.C. Before the Greeks people believed that their laws were given to them by gods, represented by their kings. The Greek system emphasized that law was made by man, for man, and could be changed by man. Instead of being an instrument of total social control of the whole population by a monarch, the law was to serve peace and prosperity of the people.

In the year of 621 B.C., Draco, Athenian lawgiver, drew up Greece’s first written code of laws. This harsh legal code punished both trivial and serious crimes in Athens with death. The word draconian (безжалостный) is still used to describe repressive legal measures.

In 594 B.C. Solon, Athens’ lawgiver, repealed Draco’s code and published new laws, retaining only Draco’s homicide statutes. He revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law more humane. He also retained an ancient Greek tradition — trial by jury. Enslaving debtors was prohibited, along with most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens could be elected to the assembly and courts were established in which citizens could appeal against government decisions.

The Greek ideals were carried over into the Roman system of laws. The Greeks have contributed to the Roman system of laws the concept of «natural law». Actually, natural law was based on the idea that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people.

As the Roman Empire increased, a set of law was codified to handle the most sophisticated legal questions of the day. This was done  under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (from Ad 529 to 565). This collection of laws and legal interpretations was called Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”) and also the Justinian Code.

French Emperor Napoleon made some modification of the Justinian Code at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Napoleon Code is still the model for the legal codes governing most of the modern nation-states of Europe today.

ЗАКОН В ДРЕВНЕЙ ГРЕЦИИ И РИМЕ

Абсолютизм власти монарха был характерен для правовых систем до времен греков около 300 г. до н.э. До греков люди верили, что их законы были даны им богами, представленными их царями. В греческой системе подчеркивалось, что закон создан человеком для человека и может быть изменен человеком. Вместо того чтобы быть инструментом тотального социального контроля монарха над всем населением, закон должен был служить миру и процветанию народа.

В 621 году до нашей эры афинский законодатель Драко составил первый письменный свод законов Греции. Этот суровый правовой кодекс наказывал в Афинах смертью как за мелкие, так и за серьезные преступления. Слово драконовский (безжалостный) до сих пор используется для описания репрессивных правовых мер.

В 594 г. до н.э. Солон, законодатель Афин, отменил кодекс Драко и издал новые законы, сохранив только законы Драко об убийствах. Он пересмотрел все законы, кроме закона об убийствах, и сделал афинские законы более гуманными. Он также сохранил древнегреческую традицию — суд присяжных. Порабощение должников было запрещено, как и большинство суровых наказаний кодекса Драко. По закону Солона граждане Афин могли быть избраны в собрание, и были созданы суды, в которых граждане могли обжаловать решения правительства.

Греческие идеалы были перенесены в римскую систему законов. Греки внесли в римскую систему права понятие «естественного права». На самом деле естественное право было основано на идее, что некоторые основные принципы стоят выше законов нации. Эти принципы вытекают из природы людей.

По мере роста Римской империи свод законов был кодифицирован для решения самых сложных юридических вопросов того времени. Это было сделано при покровительстве византийского императора Юстиниана I (с 529 по 565 год нашей эры). Этот сборник законов и юридических толкований назывался Corpus Juris Civilis («Свод гражданского права»), а также Кодексом Юстиниана.

Французский император Наполеон внес некоторые изменения в Кодекс Юстиниана в начале девятнадцатого века. Кодекс Наполеона до сих пор является образцом для юридических кодексов, регулирующих большинство современных национальных государств Европы.

Answer the following questions:

1. What did the ancient Greek system of law emphasize? The Greek system emphasized that law was made by man, for man, and could be changed by man. Instead of being an instrument of total social control of the whole population by a monarch, the law was to serve peace and prosperity of the people.
2. What was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks? The absolutism of power in the monarch was typical of legal systems until the time of the Greeks around 300 B.C.
3. What does the word ‘draconian’ mean and what is the origin of this word? The word draconian is still used to describe repressive legal measures.
4. What have the Greeks contributed to the Roman system of laws? The Greeks have contributed to the Roman system of laws the concept of «natural law».
5. What is the concept of ‘natural law’? What is its basic idea? Actually, natural law was based on the idea that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation.
6. What was Solon? What contribution to ancient law did he make? In 594 B.C. Solon, Athens’ lawgiver, repealed Draco’s code and published new laws, retaining only Draco’s homicide statutes. He revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law more humane. He also retained an ancient Greek tradition — trial by jury.