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(1) The main international railway organizations include: I. The International Union of Railways (UIC) (Opauq. Union Internationale des Chemins de fer) is a non-governmental organization representing the railway industry. UIC sets and publishes standards for railway sectors, such as for wagons, railway equipment and railway stations. UIC is the worldwide professional association representing the railway sector and promoting rail transport including technical cooperation amongst railways. (2) UIC’s mission has following main levels: ✓ Strategic level: coordination with and between the 6 UIC Regions created as part of the new Governance (activities steered by the UIC Regional Assemblies for Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Europe and Middle East). ✓ Technical/professional cooperation level (structured around the following railway activity): Passenger, Freight, Rail System — including infrastructure, rolling stock, operations. ✓ Support services level: (Finance, Human Resources, Legal and Communications). UIC activities include: Environment, Security, Signaling, Freight Corridors, Standardization. (3) UIC leads an innovative and dynamic sector, helping members find continuing success and opportunities. Members are invited to take a proactive role in the UIC working groups and assemblies where the railways’ position on regional/worldwide issues is shaped. (4) UIC is the association for technical cooperation amongst railways, and coordinates the sector’s position as it negotiates its evolving relationship with the supply industry and research and develops needs in order to draw full advantage of potential interest to railway companies.

1985. Organization for Cooperation between Railways (OSJD) is an international organization established at the Railway Ministers Conference in Sofia, Republic of Bulgaria (28 June 1956). (5) Main objectives of OSJD include development of international freight and passenger traffic, creation of common railway transport environment in the Eurasian region, higher competitiveness and an increase in transcontinental railway routes as well as promotion of technological progress and technical-scientific cooperation in the field of railway transport. (6) 28 countries take part in activities of OSJD as an intergovernmental organization, namely: Azerbaijan, Albania, Afghanistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Cuba, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Romania, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Estonia. (7) Focus of activities: • organizes cooperation in the field of international railway traffic between Europe and Asia, • develops joint competitive proposals, • adopts rules for the use of wagons, coaches and containers for international services. (8) Major OSJD activities comprise: ➢ development and improvement of international railway transportation with the traffic between and Asia in the first place, to include combined transportation; ➢ development of transport policy in the field of international railway traffic; ➢ improvement of international transport law; ➢ cooperation on the solution of the problems connected with the economic, information, scientific, technological and ecological aspects of railway transport; ➢ cooperation in the field of railway operation and technical matters connected with further development of international railway traffic; *;Y collaboration with other international organizations, engaged in railway transportation matters. III. The Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) was set up on 1 May 1985. (9) The Organisation’s mission is to promote, improve and facilitate international traffic by rail. It therefore offers its 50 Member States a framework for cooperation in the railway sector. OTIF has three major areas of activity: technical interoperability, dangerous goods and railway contract law.

(10) OTIF develops uniform legal regimes for: • contracts of carriage of passengers and goods, • rules for the transport of dangerous goods, • technical provisions and the procedure for the technical approval of rolling stock. (11) OTIF provides its Member States with the legal and technical means to facilitate international traffic by rail, to develop this traffic on their territory and to connect to the railway networks of other Member States. It therefore supplies the means to promote real legal and technical interoperability. (12) OTIF is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to international rail transport. It has been active since 1893 and is the oldest international organization in the sector. It now has 50 Member States. The Organization has its headquarters in Berne, Switzerland. (13) OTIF develops unified railway law to connect Europe, Asia and Africa. It uses simple and effective tools to promote, improve and facilitate international carriage by rail. It works in close partnership with the European Union, the European Union Agency for Railways and also with CIT, UIC and OSJD. (14) OTIF has three official languages: French, German and English (since 2002). The Organization is administered by a Secretariat and has three governing bodies and four operational bodies that develop international railway law. IV. The International Committee of Railway Transport (CIT) is an international non-governmental organization and association whose objectives are to: • develop International law in the field of rail transportation on the basis of concluded conventions; • develop additional legal articles and materials regarding the resolution of disputes in international transport; • monitor compliance with the rules for the carriage of goods, luggage and passengers; • standardize travel documents. (15) The CIT was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in the Swiss capital Bern. Its official languages are French and German. The CIT has 134 companies from 43 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa as full members. The Committee cooperates primarily with OTIF, UIC, OSJD and other international organizations. (16) CIT’s main goals are the:

• harmonization, uniform application and implementation of international rail transport law; • development of the rules for the carriage of goods and forms of waybills; • standardization of legal relations between participants on the railway transportation market. The CIT’s governing body is the General Assembly, which defines the policy of, and approach to CIT’s strategic management.

Exercise Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What do the main international railway organizations include?
2. What is UIC?
3. What does UIC represent?
4. What is UIC’s mission?
5. What do UIC activities include?
6. What is OSJD?
7. What are the main objectives of OSJD?
8. How many countries does OSJD have as its members?
9. What is the focus of activities of OSJD?
10. What do the major OSJD activities comprise?
11. What is OTIF?
12. What is the mission of OTIF?
13. How many major areas of activity does OTIF have?
14. What are the major areas of activity of OTIF?
15. What does OTIF develop?
16. How many member states does OTIF have?
17. Where is OTIF headquarter located?
18. Which organizations does OTIF cooperate with?
19. How many official languages does OTIF have?
20. How is OTIF administered?
21. What is CIT?
22. What are the objectives of CIT?
23. When was CIT founded?
24. What are CIT’s official languages?
25. How many companies does CIT have?
26. Whom does the CIT’s committee cooperate with?
27. What are the CIT’s main goals?
28. What is the CIT’s governing body?