US researchers say they have developed a technique that can significantly improve the efficiency of the traditional incandescent light bulb.

These older bulbs have been phased out in many countries because they waste huge amounts of energy as heat. But scientists at MIT* have found a way of recycling the waste energy and focusing it back on the filament where it is re-emitted as visible light. The development has been reported in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

Little has changed in the technology of the incandescent light bulb since they were commercially developed by Thomas Edison in the US in the 1880s. They create light by using electricity to heat a thin tungsten wire filament to temperatures of around 2,700 o C. This causes the

filament to glow and produce a broad-spectrum warm white light. However light bulbs of this type are hugely inefficient — they only convert around 2-3% of the energy they use into light — the rest is wasted as heat.

The bulbs were banned in the European Union, Canada and their manufacture and importation has been phased out in the US. They’ve been replaced by more expensive compact fluorescent (CFL) and LED bulbs which are significantly more efficient at around 13%.

Now researchers at MIT believe they have developed a technique that could turn the weakness of the traditional incandescent bulb into strength. Using nanotechnology, they’ve built a structure that surrounds the filament of the bulb and captures the leaking infrared radiation, reflecting it back to the filament where it is re-absorbed and then re-emitted as visible light.

The scientists point out that improving light bulbs is but one of the options that could spring from this development. The authors say it could have «dramatic implications» for the performance of other energy conversion technologies.

«We have this huge challenge that the world is facing right now, global warming and energy efficiency and this gives you one more tool in the toolbox to meet that huge challenge,» said Prof Soljacic.

*MIT — Massachusetts Institute of Technology

By Matt McGrath,

Environment correspondent, BBC

Read more: http://www.bbC).com/news/science-environment-35284112

2. Mark these statements (1-5) true (T) or false (F).

1.US researchers developed an innovative light bulb which efficiency was just barely improved. True.

2. The manufacture of the traditional light bulbs was diminished in Great Britain, German, Italy and Canada. False.
3. The research of MIT has been reported in the academic journal. True.
4. The MIT leading developer of a technique that can significantly improve the light bulb efficiency is Thomas Edison. False.
5. A new technique changes nothing for the performance of energy conversion technologies. False.
6. 3. Choose the best answer – A, B or C – for each of these sentences (1-5).
7. Fluorescent (CFL) and LED bulbs are … … …

A). low-prised and more powerful.  B). high-prised and more powerful.  C). low-prised and less powerful.

7. Since the 1880s the technology of light bulbs … … …

A). has not changed.  B). has changed slightly.  C). has changed completely.

8. … … … filament heat to a high temperatures.

A). A fragile tungsten wire  B). A thick tungsten wire  C). A thin aluminium wire

9. A traditional light bulbs can convert … … …

A). 23% into waste energy  B). the biggest part of the energy into light.  C). the unessential part of the energy into light

10. A new structure that surrounds the filament of the bulb and captures the leaking infrared radiation, …… … the filament where it is … … … re-absorbed and then re-emitted as visible light.

A). do not cooperate with; not B). is not able to redirect it to; — C). can mirror it to; —

1. VOCABULARY
2. Match the verbs on the left (1-8) with the nouns on the right (a-h) to form collocations.
3. major C A. energy
4. global B B. challenges
5. fossil G C. power
6. to ensure E D. change
7. the integration G of E. system stability
8. electrical H F. demand
9. solar A G. fuels
10. climate D H. power grids
11. Find the odd word out. Explain your choice.
12. relevant – important – significant – joyful
13. collaboration – division – partnership – teamwork
14. ICE – cam – piston — crankshaft
15. to oscillate – to rotate – to stay – to reciprocate
16. invention – innovation – design – discoverer

III. GRAMMAR

24. He’s never late, and he’s never early; he always arrives right ________ time!
25. A) on B) in C) at D) by

25.Mr Harrison said that he _______ again.

1. A) would call B) will have called C) called D) will call

26.Even if you make too many mistakes, you _______ a chance to correct them all.

1. A) will be given B) will be giving C) will give D) give
2. We should arrive _____Paris at six in the morning.
3. A) at B) in C) on D) to
4. A new factory _____ in this region next year.
5. A) builds B) is building C) will build  D) will be built
6. The time required to obtain the result _____ be quite different for different methods of

calculation.

1. A) may B) has C) is  D) is able
2. According to the plan, the new equipment _____ to be put into operation in December.
3. A) can B) may C) is D) must

31.The new method of sewage treatment _____ in our laboratory is very efficient.

1. A) developing B) developed C) having developed  D) having been developed
2. The engineer was pleasantly surprised at _____ to fill that vacancy.
3. A) choosing B) chosen C) being chosen D) having chosen
4. The manufacturing processes at this plant _____ recently.
5. A) are changing B) changed C) have been changed D) will have changed
6. You never get a second chance _____ a first impression.
7. A) to make B) making C) made D) to have made

SPEAKING

35. Customer: «Show me this lipstick, please. Does it suit me?»

Shop-assistant: «_______________».

A). Yes, madam, it suits you perfectly. B). Why should I tell you?

C). Not at all. D). I don’t know.

36. Friend 1: «Will you come and see me tonight».

Friend 2: «________________».

1. A) Not sure I’ll make it. B) Just a second
2. C) You seem to know better D) Yes, I’ll have to.
3. Secretary: « Hello. Can I speak to Kate Crawford, please?»

Employee: «_______________».

1. A) This is Kate Crawford speaking. B) Who’s that?
2. C) No. D) I can’t say for sure.
3. During a coffee break Marlene sees his colleague from the Oxford University.

Marlene: Hello, Bob. Remember me? I’m Marlene Swenson.

Bob:

1. A) I am glad to meet you too. B) Oh! Yes, of course. How are you?
2. C) Hello, Marlene. Pleased to meet you. D) I can’t say for sure.
3. Roberta and Nick are talking during lunch time. They know each other very well.

Nick: Hey, Roberta, how are things?

Roberta: A) I am pleased to meet you.  B) Not bad. Any you, Nick?

1. C) Fine, thanks. D) Sorry, I don’t know
2. At the conference participant’s registration table Peter meets Val, Val and Peter have met

before at international conference. Val wants to introduce Peter to his colleague Andrew.

Val: Peter this is Andrew, a colleague of mine from Ashcroft Business school.

Peter:

1. A) How are things? B) Nice to meet you. I’m Peter.
2. C) Hello, Andrew. Nice to meet you. D) How are things?

WRITING

41. Определите, к какому виду делового документа относится представленный ниже

отрывок.

Letter of Complaint Memo Inquiry Letter Cover Letter

Выберите слова или словосочетания для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они

отражали особенности оформления служебной записки:

42. D. GSI Management Team

From : Jerry Casale, 43. A

Date : 12 May 2016

Subject : 44. B

Our company will be giving a party at the Computer Convention on May 28, 2016, so I

would like to hear your ideas of this important event. Please, send them to my email address.

45. C
46. GSI Marketing Manager
47. Computer Convention Party
48. Jerry Casale
49. To
50. Прочитайте и переведите со словарем с английского на русский язык текст

профессионально-ориентированной тематики объемом 1000-1500 печатных знаков,

передайте основное содержание текста на английском языке. Время подготовки — 30

минут. Форма проверки – чтение текста на английском языке, устный перевод,

передача содержания текста на английском языке.

Text-1

Transmission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering

The electricity is transported to load locations from a power station to a transmission subsystem. Therefore we may think of the transmission system as providing the medium of transportation for electric energy. The transmission system may be subdivided into the bulk transmission system and the sub-transmission system. The functions of the bulk transmission are to interconnect generators, to interconnect various areas of the network, and to transfer electrical energy from the generators to the major load centers. This portion of the system is called «bulk» because it delivers energy only to so-called bulk loads such as the distribution system of a town, city, or large industrial plant. The function of the sub-transmission system is to interconnect the bulk power system with the distribution system.

Transmission circuits may be built either underground or overhead. Underground cables are used predominantly in urban areas where acquisition of overhead rights of way are costly or not

possible. They are also used for transmission under rivers, lakes and bays. Overhead transmission is used otherwise because, for a given voltage level, overhead conductors are much less expensive than underground cables.

The transmission system is a highly integrated system. It is referred to as the substation equipment and transmission lines. The substation equipment contain the transformers, relays, and circuit breakers. Transformers are important static devices which transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another in the transmission subsystem. Transformers are used to step up the voltage on the transmission line to reduce the power loss which is dissipated on the way. [24] A relay is functionally a level-detector; they perform a switching action when the input voltage (or current) meets or exceeds a specific and adjustable value. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. A change in the status of any one component can significantly affect the operation of the entire system. Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of undesired electric arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer serious damage. There are three possible causes for power flow limitations to a transmission line. These causes are thermal overload, voltage instability, and rotor angle instability. Thermal verload is caused by excessive current flow in a circuit causing overheating. Voltage instability is said to occur when the power required to maintain voltages at or above acceptable levels exceeds the available power. Rotor angle instability is a dynamic problem that may occur following faults, such as short circuit, in the transmission system. It may also occur tens of seconds after a fault due to poorly damped or undamped oscillatory response of the rotor motion. As long as the equal area criteria is maintained, the interconnected system will remain stable. Should the equal area criteria be violated, it becomes necessary to separate the unstable component from the remainder of the system.

 

Электричество транспортируется в места расположения от электростанции до подсистемы передачи. Поэтому мы можем считать систему передачи как средство транспортировки электрической энергии. Система передачи может быть подразделена на систему массовой передачи и систему субпередачи. Функции групповой передачи состоят в том, чтобы подключить генераторы, соединиться с различными областями сети и передать электрическую энергию от генераторов в основные центры нагрузки. Эта часть системы называется «массовой», поскольку она доставляет энергию только для так называемых массовых грузов, таких как система распределения города или крупного промышленного предприятия. Функция системы субпередачи состоит в том, чтобы объединить систему питания с системой распределения.

Цепи передачи могут быть построены как под землей, так и над нами. Подземные кабели используются преимущественно в городской черте, где приобретение прав на использование дороги является дорогостоящим или невозможным. Они также используются для передачи по рекам, озерам и заливам. Передача сверху используется по-другому, потому что для данного уровня напряжения верхние проводники намного дешевле, чем подземные кабели.

Система передачи — это высокоинтегрированная система. Она считается оборудованием подстанции и линиями электропередачи. Оборудование подстанции содержит трансформаторы, реле и автоматические выключатели. Трансформаторы являются важными статическими устройствами, которые передают электрическую энергию из одной цепи в другую в подсистеме передачи. Трансформаторы используются для увеличения напряжения на линии передачи, чтобы уменьшить потери мощности, которые теряются в пути. [24] Реле по своей функции является детектором уровня; они выполняют коммутирующее действие, когда входное напряжение (или ток) соответствует или превышает определенное и регулируемое значение.

Автоматический выключатель представляет собой автоматически управляемый электрический выключатель, предназначенный для защиты электрической цепи от повреждений, вызванных перегрузкой или коротким замыкание. Изменение статуса какого-либо одного компонента может существенно повлиять на работу всей системы. Отсутствие надлежащей защиты контактов, появление нежелательной электрической дуги вызывает значительное ухудшение контактов, которые наносят серьезный ущерб. Существует три возможные причины ограничения потока мощности для линии передачи. Этими причинами являются термическая перегрузка, нестабильность напряжения и неустойчивость угла ротора. Термическая переменная вызвана чрезмерным током в цепи, вызывающей перегрев. Говорят, что нестабильность напряжения возникает, когда мощность, необходимая для поддержания напряжения на допустимых уровнях или выше допустимого уровня, превышает допустимую мощность. Нестабильность угла ротора является динамической проблемой, которая может возникнуть в результате сбоев, таких как короткое замыкание, в системе передачи.

Это может также произойти через десятки секунд после неисправности из-за плохо затухающего или незатухающего колебательного отклика движения ротора. До тех пор, пока поддерживаются критерии равной площади, взаимосвязанная система будет оставаться стабильной. Если критерии равной площади будут нарушены, то появляется необходимость отделить нестабильный компонент от остальной части системы.