Change the sentences into questions:

Are there various types of nuclear reactors?

Can the fuel be enriched by uranium?

Is the fission heat used to generate steam, which drives a turbine generator?

Use the required tense form. What are the meanings of the word time in the sentences?

The experiment was repeated many times.

The power which is radiated as light is almost three times as great as that radiated as heat.

It is known that iron molecules are magnets at all times.

Under ordinary room lightning the resistance of transistors is decreased millions of times.

Ruby crystals about ten centimetres long can be intensified light ten times.

The density of a semiconductor laser radiation is hundreds of times as great as that of the ruby laser.

The power which is transmitted along a wire is the product of the voltage times the amperage.

Underline the predicates (ones in the Passive Voice with two lines). Translate the sentences into Russian.

A gas-cooled reactor is a nuclear reactor in which the coolant is a gas.

The lowest temperature theoretically possible is called the absolute zero.

What do substation power supply circuits depend on?

4.The transmission lines are interconnected in switching stations. These network interconnections are referred to as buses.

Finally, the consumers are being serviced from the distribution network.

 

Реактор с газовым охлаждением — это ядерный реактор, в котором теплоносителем является газ.

Наименьшая теоретически возможная температура называется абсолютным нулем.

От чего зависят схемы электроснабжения подстанции?

Линии передачи соединены между собой в коммутационных станциях. Эти сетевые соединения называются шинами.

Наконец, потребителей обслуживают из распределительной сети.

Translate into Russian.

The device is faulty; you should not rely on its readings.

The cable is to test the transmission line.

The electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force.

Nowadays one can connect power stations into power grids.

One has to take safety precautions.

Deserts are to be turned into gardens by solar energy.

The current must be as small as possible not to melt the wires.

 

Устройство не работает; не следует полагаться на его показания.

Кабель предназначен для проверки линии передачи.

Электрическое поле можно представить как состоящее из ряда силовых линий.

В настоящее время электростанции можно объединять в электрические сети.

Необходимо соблюдать меры предосторожности.

Пустыни нужно превратить в сады с помощью солнечной энергии.

Сила тока должна быть как можно меньше, чтобы провода не плавились.

Choose the right variant.

One can (reduce, be reduced) heat losses in a transmission line.

Heat losses should (reduce, be reduced) constantly and effectively.

The output of machinery is steadily being (increasing, increased).

Man has been constantly (increasing, increased) the output of machinery.

The main principles of energy production has (being, been) known to science for a long time.

The energy industry (undergoes, is undergoing) considerable development.

Development of nuclear power plants for civil use (began, has began) in the mid-1950s.

In the following examples the verb to be has different meanings. Write, what they are.

These stations can be linked up into a network. Часть инфинитива.

It is advisable to link up these stations into a single network. Глагол-связка.

These stations are to be linked up into a single network. Часть инфинитива.

Will the stations be linked up into a single network? Часть инфинитива.

They are linking up the stations into a network. Вспомогательный глагол.

 

Complete the sentences using the required prepositions: according to, because of, through, of, at, for, by, during, in, in case of, into:

The power transmitted through a wire is the product of the voltage times the amperage. In case of resistive losses, it is desirable to transmit power through low amperage and high voltage. By doubling the voltage, the capability in a given circuit can be quadrupled.

Devices are classed according to the operation they are intended for.

This type of aerial is useful and popular for its small size.

Because of a faulty device its readings are not to be relied at.

Coal and oil contain sulfur through concentrations of a few percent.

As these fuels are burned, the sulfur is converted into sulfur-dioxide gas. Аccording to the operation at a plant, the sulfur-dioxide and other products are discharged during the air stacks, some of which are about 303 metres high.

Complete the sentences using the required conjunctions (both … and, than, until, since, provided, before).

Some devices work equally well both on direct and alternating current.

The set is used in regions without electricity since it operates without a battery.

One should turn the knob until a click is heard.

Before one flies to other planets one should collect as much information as possible about them.

Glass becomes a conductor provided it is heated to a red hot.

A small current is cheaper than great because the wires need not be so thick.

Give the English equivalents of the prepositions and conjunctions in brackets and translate the sentences.

The energy (для) FOR a nuclear power plant comes (из) FROM the heat released (во время) DURING fissioning of uranium (в) IN a nuclear reactor.

There are two main differences (между) BETWEEN a nuclear power plant and a steam-electric power plant. The nuclear power plant uses a nuclear fuel INSTEAD OF (вместо) a fossil fuel, and it uses a reactor INSTEAD OF (вместо) a boiler.

(Из-за) BECAUSE OF their high fuel consumption gas turbines are more expensive to operate than steam turbines.

Underline the infinitives in the sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

To reduce the power losses, thick wires should be used.

No additional components were used since they were not needed to actuate the relay.

Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into mechanical, heat, and chemical power.

At least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a.c.

A.c. can be increased, or decreased to meet industrial requirements.

 

Для уменьшения потерь мощности следует использовать толстые провода.

Никаких дополнительных компонентов не использовалось, поскольку они не были необходимы для срабатывания реле.

Были использованы различные установки для преобразования электроэнергии в механическую, тепловую и химическую.

По крайней мере, 90 процентов электроэнергии, которая будет вырабатываться в настоящее время, составляет переменный ток.

Переменный ток можно увеличить или уменьшить в соответствии с промышленными требованиями.

What forms of infinitives are used in the Infinitive Complexes given below  Complex Subject or Complex Object?

Communication is supposed to have no limits nowadays. Complex Subject

The line appeared to be demagnetized. Complex Subject

We know every battery to possess two terminals. Complex Object

The output of machinery is known to be steadily increasing all over the world. Complex Subject

They suppose the capacity of generating units to have been doubled. Complex Object

 

Underline participles. Say what forms of participles are used. Translate the examples into Russian in writing.

While passing through the conductor, resistance results in the production of heat. Participle I Indefinite Active.

Having been insulated with polythene, the line was tested under unfavourable conditions. Participle I Perfect Passive.

Having made a number of tests, the researcher got some useful results. Participle I Perfect Active.

Having been tested under different conditions, the motors were put to use. Participle I Perfect Passive. Participle II.

When being rubbed, some substances produce electric charges. Participle I Passive.

При прохождении через проводник сопротивление приводит к выделению тепла.

После изоляции полиэтиленом линия была испытана в неблагоприятных условиях.

Проведя ряд тестов, исследователь получил полезные результаты.

После испытаний в различных условиях двигатели были запущены в эксплуатацию.

При трении некоторые вещества производят электрические заряды.

 

Use Participle I, Participle II or the Gerund of the verb in brackets and translate the sentences.

Cooling an electric conductor results in its reduced resistance to electric current.

What is the name of an insulating material used to prevent an electric shock?

The applied technique brought about quite unexpected results.

Mica is used as a dielectric due to having high voltage strength.

The world’s first tidal power station, a plant on the Ranсe River in France, began operating in 1966.

Охлаждение электрического проводника снижает его сопротивление электрическому току.

Как называется изоляционный материал, используемый для предотвращения поражения электрическим током?

Примененная методика принесла весьма неожиданные результаты.

Слюда используется в качестве диэлектрика из-за ее высокой прочности.

Первая в мире приливная электростанция на реке Рансе во Франции была введена в эксплуатацию в 1966 году.

Read the following sentences, containing the Subjunctive Mood forms. Which of the sentences refer to the Present (the Future) and which to the Past?

Zero-resistance transmission lines would be very economical! Present (the Future)

Without these means of communication the scientists would have great difficulties in observing man-made satellites. Past

If thin wires had been used in this device the wires would have melted. Past

If the operators had used some additional components they would have been able to actuate the relay. Past

We know a moving magnet to induce a current in a wire, the effect being stronger if the wire were in the form of a coil. Present (the Future)

Translate the sentences into Russian.

It is from the Greek word electron that the word electricity is formed.

It is the force of gravitation that makes the satellites move round the Earth.

It was the need for large-scale ballistic computations which gave rise to the development of electronic computers.

 

Именно от греческого слова «электрон» образовано слово «электричество».

Именно сила гравитации заставляет спутники двигаться вокруг Земли.

Именно потребность в крупномасштабных баллистических вычислениях привела к развитию электронных вычислительных машин.

Answer the questions in writing.

What elements does a circuit consist of? An electronic circuitis composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow.

What is the function of a voltage source? A voltage sourceis a two-terminal device which can maintain a fixed voltage. An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage independent of the load resistance or the output current. However, a real-world voltage source cannot supply unlimited current. A voltage source is the dual of a current source.

What is the function of a conductor? In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of materialthat allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical conductors.

What is the function of a resistor? A resistoris a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

When is there no current in a circuit? No currentcan flow if the circuit is broken — for example, when a switch is open. An electric current flows when electrons move through a conductor, such as a metal wire. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Electricity passes through metallic conductors as a flow of negatively charged electrons.

What does an open or a short result in? A short results in current.

What does no current in a circuit result from? No current canflow if the circuit is broken — for example, when a switch is An electric current flows when electrons move through a conductor, such as a metal wire. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Electricity passes through metallic conductors as a flow of negatively charged electrons.

What type of circuit has the main line and parallel branches? There are two basic types of electric circuits, called seriesand parallel circuits. They differ in the number of loops through which current can flow.

What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of current in all the elements? Direct curent is used in order to have the same value of current in all the elements.

What type of circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage in all the elements? Alternating current circuit is used in order to have the same value of voltage in all the elements.

What does a trouble in the main line result in? A trouble in the main line result in direct current.

What does a trouble in a branch result in? A trouble in a branch result in alternating current.

What does no current in a series circuit result from? No current canflow if the circuit is broken — for example, when a switch is An electric current flows when electrons move through a conductor, such as a metal wire. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Electricity passes through metallic conductors as a flow of negatively charged electrons.

What is the difference between series and parallel circuits? In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each ofthe components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each component. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. If one bulb burns out in a series circuit, the entire circuit is

What common meters are used to measure the values in a circuit? A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuringelectrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. An ammeter is a measuring device used to measure the electric current in a circuit.