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The elance economy

Экономика, использующая надомные формы труда

Summary

Обзор

Despite the wave of big mergers and acquisitions over the past few years, the days of the big corporation — as we know it — are numbered. While the cash flows that they control are growing, the direct power that they exercise over actual business processes is declining. Because modern communications technology makes decentralised organisations pos­sible, control is being passed down the line to workers at many different levels, or outsourced to external companies. In fact, we are moving towards what can be called an ‘e-lance economy’, which will be charac­terised by shifting coalitions of freelancers and small firms using the Internet for much of their work.

Несмотря на на волну крупных слияний и поглощений на протяжении последних лет, дни крупной корпорации – как мы знаем – сочтены. В то время, как денежные потоки, которые они контролируют, растут, то их влияние на реальный бизнес снижается. Поскольку современные коммуникационные технологии делают возможной децентрализованную организацию, управление работниками происходит на многих различных уровнях либо отдается на реализацию сторонней компании. На самом деле мы идем к тому, что называется фриланс-экономика, которая будет характеризоваться наличием фрилансеров или маленьких фирм, использующих Интернет для своей работы.

1.     Twenty-five years ago, one in five US workers was employed by one of the top 500 companies. Today, the ratio has dropped to fewer than one in ten. Large com­panies are far less vertically inte­grated than they were in the past and rely more and more on outside suppliers to produce components and provide services, with a conse­quent reduction in the size of their workforce.

25 лет назад один из пяти работников в США нанимался одной из 500 лучших компаний. Сегодня этот коэффициент снизился и стал один из десяти. Крупные компании менее интегрированы вертикально, чем это было в прошлом, они все больше полагаются на внешних поставщиков для производства комплектующих и предоставляют услуги с последующим сокращением численности работников.

2.     At the same time, decisions within large corporations are increasingly being pushed to lower levels. Workers are rewarded not for carrying out orders efficiently, but for working out what needs to be done and doing it. Many large industrial companies — ABB and BP Amoco are among the most prominent — have broken them­selves up into numerous indepen­dent units that transact business with one another almost as if they were separate companies.

В то же время решения в крупных корпорациях все чаще принимаются на более низких уровнях. Работники получают вознаграждение не за хорошее выполнение заказов, а за разработку необходимых потребностей и их выполнение. Многие крупные промышленные компании – ABB и BP Amoco являются одними из самых успешных – разбили себя на множество независимых компаний, которые ведут бизнес с друг другом почти так, как это делали бы будучи отдельными компаниями.

3.     What underlies this trend? The answer lies in the basic economics of organisations. Business organisations are, in essence, mechanisms for co-ordination, and the form they take is strongly affected by the co-ordination tech­nologies available. When it is cheaper to conduct transactions internally, with other parts of the same company, organisations grow larger, but when it is cheaper to conduct them externally, with independent entities in the open market, organisations stay small or shrink.

Что лежит в основе этой тенденции? Ответ кроется в основных экономических организаций. Бизнес-организации – это механизмы для координации и форма, которую они принимают, в значительной степени зависит от координации имеющихся технологий. Когда более дешевым является проводить внутренние операции, с другими частями одной и той же компании, организации развиваются быстрее, но когда дешевле проводить внешние операции, с независимыми образованиями на открытом рынке, то организации остаются маленькими или сокращаются.

4.     The co-ordination technologies of the industrial era — the train and the telegraph, the car and the telephone, the mainframe comput­er and the fax machine — made transactions within the company not only possible but advantageous. Companies were able to manage large organisations cen­trally, which provided them with economies of scale in manufactur­ing, marketing, distribution and other activities. Big was good.

Координация технологий промышленной эпохи – поезд и телеграф, машина и телефон, компьютер и факс-машина – сделали транзакции внутри компании не только возможными, но и выгодными. Компании могли централизованно управлять огромными организациями, которые предоставляли им информацию о масштабах производства, маркетинга, сбыта и других сферах. Много – значит хорошо.

5.     But with the introduction of powerful personal computers and electronic networks — the co-ordi­nation technologies of the 21st century — the economic equation changes. Because information can be shared instantly and inexpen­sively among many people in many locations, the value of centralised decision-making and bureaucracy decreases. Individuals can manage themselves, co-ordinating their efforts through electronic links with other independent parties. Small becomes good.

Но с появлением мощных персональных компьютеров и электронных сетей – координация технологий 21 века – меняется экономическая формула. Поскольку информацию можно передавать мгновенно и недорого среди многих людей на многие расстояния, ценность централизованного принятия решения и бюрократия уменьшается. Физические лица могут управлять собой, координируя свои усилия с помощью электронных связей с другими независимыми сторонами. Мало означает хорошо.

6.     In the future, as communica­tions technologies advance and networks become more efficient, the shift to e-lancing promises to accelerate. Should this happen, the dominant business organisation of the future may not be a stable, per­manent corporation but rather a flexible network of individuals and small groups that might some­times exist for no more than a day or two. We will enter the age of the temporary company.

 

 

2

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

23

 

 

 

27

 

 

 

 

 

 

34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

В будущем, поскольку коммуникационные технологии и сети становятся более эффективными, переход к фриланс-экономике будет боле быстрым. Если это произойдет, тодоминирующей бизнес-организацией будущего может быть не стабильная, постоянная корпорация, а достаточно гибкая сеть из отдельных лиц и маленьких групп, которые в некоторых случаях могут существовать не более дня или двух дней. Мы входим в век временных компаний.

 

 

Exercise 1

Read the text and answer these questions.

 

  1. Which of these statements gives the best summary of the ideas in the article?
  2. New communications technologies enable information to be shared instantly across the world.
  3. In the future most people will be self-employed or will work as freelancers.
  4. Companies are having to restructure due to developments in electronic communications.

 

  1. What exactly do the authors mean by the term ‘e-lance economy’?
  2. Most work inside large companies will be done using e-mail and computers.
  3. In the future tasks will be done by individuals and small companies linked to the Internet.
  4. Business between companies will increasingly be done through the Internet.

 

 

Exercise 2

Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information.

  1. Big corporations will soon go out of business. True.
  2. There is a move towards decentralisation of decision-making in many companies. True.
  3. Many companies are now experiencing cash flow and similar financial problems. True.
  4. No more than 10 per cent of workers in the US work for the top 500 companies. True.
  5. ABB and BP Amoco have sold many parts of their businesses. False. ABB and BP Amoco are among the most prominent — have broken them­selves up into numerous indepen­dent units that transact business with one another almost as if they were separate companies.
  6. Large organisations can save money by centralising all transactions. False. Companies were able to manage large organisations cen­trally, which provided them with economies of scale in manufactur­ing, marketing, distribution and other activities. Big was good.
  7. Computer companies have decentralised their decision-making process. True.
  8. It is possible that the shape and structure of companies will be very different in the future. True.

 

 

Exercise 3

These phrases summarise the purpose of each paragraph. Match each phrase to the correct paragraph.

  1. illustrate the decline of big companies  —      paragraph I
  2. give a prediction about the future paragraph VI
  3. give examples of changes in the way big companies are organised paragraph II
  4. introduce the idea that big companies are starting to change and even decline — summary
  5. describe the new way of working paragraph V
  6. explain why these changes are taking place paragraph III
  7. describe the old way of working paragraph IV

 

 

Exercise 4

Find a word or phrase from the text that has a similar meaning .The paragraph where the words can be found is given in brackets. The first letters of the words are also provided.

 

  1. movement of money into and out of a company’s bank accounts (summary)

cash    flow

 

  1. passing tasks to an external company (summary)

outsourced

 

  1. individuals who are self-employed and work independently (summary)

Freelancer

 

  1. describes a large company that produces everything it needs internally (para 1)

vertically   integrated

 

  1. external companies that provide products or services to an organisation (para 1)

outside     suppliers

 

  1. parts of a company that operate independently as separate profit centres (para 2)

independent     units

 

  1. where price and quality are the main factors for doing business (para 3)

open     market

 

  1. something large companies can achieve by doing things in big volumes (para 4)

economics    of scale

 

There are many words that can be used instead of ‘company’. Four other words are used in the text. What are they?

 

corporation

business organizations

Firm

Organization

 

Exercise 5

Choose the best explanation for each phrase from the text.

  1. ‘the days of the big corporation are numbered’ (line 2)
  2. big companies will become less important in the future
  3. companies will have to improve their financial controls

 

  1. ‘control is being passed down the line’ (line 5)
  2. nobody in the company wants to take decisions
  3. some decisions will be taken at lower levels in the company

 

  1. ‘what underlies this trend?’ (line 22)
  2. is this trend really true?
  3. what are the reasons for this trend?

 

  1. ‘in essence’ (line 23)
  2. basically
  3. necessarily

 

  1. ‘organisations shrink’ (line 27)
  2. they become smaller
  3. they disappear completely

 

  1. ‘the economic equation changes’ (line 34)
  2. things become cheaper because of the Internet
  3. there is a move in favour of decentralisation

 

Exercise 6

Use an appropriate verb and preposition to complete each sentence.

  1. Large multinationals still exercise considerable power over many people around the world.
  2. It’s a difficult problem. It will take time to wave over the best way to solve it.
  3. In a traditional, hierarchical company, employees are expected to control over the orders of their superiors.
  4. To improve flexibility and speed of reaction we have decided to break the company up into separate business units.
  5. Our policy is to transact business only with companies that have a strong environmental policy.
  6. The speed at which you can get information from the Internet is sometimes dependent

on the time of day.

 

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