TEST 1,

I Choose the correct answer.

1 What is meant by the term extinction?

 A When numbers of an organism decrease but the species recovers

 B When a species does not adapt to the environment and so fails to survive

 C When a species does not adapt but continues to survive

2 Which of the following is not a measurable factor of biodiversity?

 A Genetic diversity

 B Species diversity

 C Community diversity

3 Which of the following best describes what biodiversity measurements are used for?

 A To monitor ecosystem change and help decide on which species need support

 B To monitor habitat changes and help improve the habitat

 C To monitor species and help the ecosystem in which they live

4 Which of the following examples is a threat to biodiversity?

 A Habitat fragments

 B Crop rotation

 C Naturalised species

5 Which of the following is not an example of overexploitation?

 A Over-fishing

 B Over-harvesting

 C Over-eating

6 What is habitat fragmentation?

 A The habitat grows in size

 B The habitat is broken into smaller sections

 C The habitat joins with another habitat

7 How is habitat fragmentation overcome?

 A The bottleneck effect

 B Overexploitation

 C Linking fragments with habitat corridors.

8 Which of the following terms describes a species that is non-native and established?

 A Introduced species

 B Invasive species

 C Naturalised species

9 What is the name of the threat to biodiversity that has caused the coniferous forests in the Northern hemisphere to invade tundra areas?

 A Habitat fragmentation

 B Climate change

 C Introduced species

10 What is the consequence of a bottleneck effect on species?

 A Surviving population has space to thrive

 B Surviving population struggles to survive and adapt due to small gene pool

 C Surviving population affirms its dominant characteristics because of forced inbreeding

 

II Fill in the blanks with the correct words or phrases from the word bank

absorbed, sediment, be replenished, photosynthesis, natural gas, stored, energy, particles, fossil, run out

Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will 1 be replenished or will not  2 stored in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes. 

Most non-renewable energy sources are 3 fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and 4 natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels. All fossil fuels formed in a similar way.

Plants, algae, and plankton grew in these ancient wetlands. They 5 absorbed sunlight and created energy through 6 photosynthesis. When they died, the organisms drifted to the bottom of the sea or lake. There was energy 7 run out in the plants and animals when they died.

 Over time, the dead plants were crushed under the seabed. Rocks and other 8 particles piled on top of them, creating high heat and pressure underground. In this environment, the plant and animal remains eventually turned into fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum).

Fossil fuels are a valuable source of 9 energy. They are relatively inexpensive to extract. They can also be stored, piped, or shipped anywhere in the world.

 However, burning fossil fuels is harmful for the environment. When coal and oil are burned, they release 10 sediment that can pollute the air, water, and land.

 

III Write a word or a phrase that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.

Natural 1 choice/selection is a process by which a species changes over time in response to changes in the environment, or competition between organisms, in order for the species 2 continue to live or exist/survive.

The members of the species with the most desirable characteristics are able to produce the best-adapted offspring. If a species is unable to adapt then it is at risk of becoming 3 no longer in existence/die out.

Extinction occurs when there are no remaining individuals of a species alive.

Animals that have not 4 become adjusted to new conditions/adapt well to their environment are less likely to survive and reproduce than those that are well adapted. The animals that have not adapted to their environment may become extinct. Extinction has a role in evolution as some species disappear. Others survive and continue to 5 develop over successive generations as a result of natural selection/ evolve.

Several factors can cause a species to become extinct — and human beings can 6 impulse/push on a number of them.

A species may also become extinct through  7 the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution/speciate the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution- the formation of two or more species from the original one.

Extinction can be avoided by:

-legislation 8 averting/ preventing the hunting of endangered species

-international agreements, including those that plan to limit climate change

-special programmes such as creating nature reserves to protect 9 the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism/habitat

-education that encourages people to do their part in protecting the environment

We 10 strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing superiority over others/compete with other living organisms for space, food and water, and we are very successful.

 

IV Choose the best word from academic vocabulary to complete the sentences:

1. The book is primarily/mainly concerned with the problem of policing the internet.

2. The work of the Institute is not only/solely devoted to cancer research.

3. Fundamentally/briefly, we believe we have demonstrated a significant link between the two events.

4. Environmental problems/issues should be at the top of today’s political agenda.

5. In the exam students had to choose three from a choice of ten essay/topics.

6. There are still people who are reluctant to accept Darwin’s theory/topic of evolution.

7. As we can see/can be seen from Table II, participation figures have been steadily falling since 1970.

8. It is often most effective to give/present your data in a chart or table.

9. The data we have collected show/prove that there has been a downward trend with regard to job satisfaction over the last 50 years.

10. There is an apparent/evident discrepancy in your figures.

 

V Translate the sentences into Russian

1. Recently more and more attention has been focused on the problem of preserving the environment.

2. The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to the field of research.

3. The link between the spread of some diseases and the quality of water for drinking and washing is absolutely clear.

4. Nobody expects this problem to be solved within such a short period of time.

5. Lead is found in old water pipes and old paints. Occasionally, small children get lead poisoning from eating lead-based paint from the walls of old houses.

6. We know national parks to be abused and subjected to tourism in such a volume and pattern as to delegate and destroy the very natural resources whose preservation is legally required.

7. As a matter of fact, no living organism can be expected to survive at such temperature.

8. Birds, fish and mammals are often responsible for the distribution of parasites infecting man through water supplies.

9. Developing countries can also use large scale water chlorination because it is cost-effective.

10. The females of Emperor Penguins care the eggs solely, the males being far away from the colony in the open ocean to get food for the females.

 

1. В последнее время все больше внимания уделяется проблеме сохранения окружающей среды.

2. В настоящее время обстоятельства все больше и больше вынуждают страны начать вносить свой вклад в область исследований.

3. Связь между распространением некоторых заболеваний и качеством воды для питья и мытья очевидна.

4. Никто не ожидает, что эта проблема будет решена за такой короткий период времени.

5. Свинец содержится в старых водопроводных трубах и старых красках. Иногда маленькие дети получают отравление свинцом, поедая краску на основе свинца со стен старых домов.

6. Известно, что в национальных парках имеется много злоупотреблений для туризма в таких объемах и формах, что делегируют и уничтожают те самые природные ресурсы, сохранение которых требуется по закону.

7. На самом деле нельзя ожидать, что ни один живой организм выживет при такой температуре.

8. Птицы, рыбы и млекопитающие часто ответственны за распространение паразитов, заражающих человека через источники воды.

9. Развивающиеся страны также могут использовать крупномасштабное хлорирование воды, поскольку это экономически выгодно.

10. Самки императорских пингвинов заботятся только о яйцах, самцы находятся далеко от колонии в открытом океане, чтобы добыть пищу для самок.

 

VI Translate the article into Russian. Write a summary. Write an abstract in Russian(3 sentences, no more than 70 words).

Increasing stability decreases ocean productivity, reduces carbon burial

 

September 28, 2020

Stable conditions in the atmosphere favor fair weather. However, when the ocean is stable, the layers of the ocean do not mix. Cooler, oxygenated water from beneath does not rise up and deliver oxygen and nutrients to waters near the surface, and warm surface water does not absorb carbon dioxide and bury it at depth.

The same process, global warming, is both making the atmosphere less stable and the oceans more stable. Water near the ocean’s surface is warming faster than the water below. That makes the oceans become more stable.

Just as hot air rises, as is seen in the formation of towering clouds, hot water rises as well because it is less dense than cold water. If the hottest water is on top, vertical mixing in the oceans slows. Also, melting ice from various glaciers introduces fresh water into the upper layers of the oceans. Fresh water is less dense than salt water and so it tends to remain on the surface as well. Both elevated temperature and salinity cause greater ocean stratification and less ocean mixing.

The ability of the oceans to bury heat from the atmosphere and mitigate global warming is made more difficult when the ocean becomes more stratified and there is less mixing. Less downward mixing of warming waters means the ocean surface warms even faster, leading, for example, to more powerful hurricanes. Global climate models underestimate these trends.

Using the more sophisticated physics-based method, the researches find that ocean stability is increasing faster than we thought before and faster than models predict, with worrying potential consequences.

 

 

Повышение стабильности уменьшает продуктивность океана и количество углерода

28 сентября 2020 г.

Хорошие условия в атмосфере оказывают благоприятное воздействие на ясную погоду. Однако, когда океан спокоен, его слои не смешиваются. Более прохладная, насыщенная кислородом вода снизу не поднимается вверх и не доставляет кислород и питательные вещества в воды у поверхности. Теплая вода на поверхности не поглощает углекислый газ и не хранит его на глубине.

Один и тот же процесс — глобальное потепление — делает атмосферу менее стабильной, а океаны — более спокойными. Вода у поверхности океана нагревается быстрее, чем вода под ним. Это делает океаны более спокойными.

Подобно тому, как горячий воздух поднимается вверх, как это видно по образованию высоких облаков, горячая вода также поднимается, потому что она менее плотна, чем холодная вода. Если самая горячая вода находится наверху, вертикальное перемешивание в океанах становится более медленным. Кроме того, таяние льда различных ледников приносит пресную воду в верхние слои Мирового океана. Пресная вода менее плотная, чем соленая, поэтому она также имеет тенденцию оставаться на поверхности. И повышенная температура, и соленость вызывают большую стратификацию океана и меньшее смешивание океана.

Способность океанов поглощать тепло из атмосферы и смягчать глобальное потепление становится более трудной, когда океан становится более стратифицированным и меньше смешивается. Меньшее смешивание нагревающихся вод вниз означает, что поверхность океана нагревается еще быстрее, что приводит, например, к более мощным ураганам. Глобальные климатические модели недооценивают эти тенденции.

Используя более сложный метод, основанный на физике, исследователи обнаружили, что стабильность океана увеличивается быстрее, чем мы думали раньше, и быстрее, чем предсказывают модели, что может привести к тревожным потенциальным последствиям.

 

The title of the text is “Increasing stability decreases ocean productivity, reduces carbon burial”. The text was published on September 28, 2020.

The main idea of the text is the factors of ocean stability. The text can be divided into some parts. The author gives us some information about global warming and oxygenated water.

It can be concluded that atmosphere and nature around today play an important role for people.