Задача: выполнить упражнения, перевести текст

1. Найдите в словаре транскрипцию слов и прочитайте :

igneous ,  metamorphic,  sedimentary, sediment , conglomerate,  sandstone , calcium carbonate, dolomite, schist

2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов и постарайтесь запомнить их.

 

cause v заставлять; вызывать; влиять; причинять; п причина, основание; дело; общее дело; syn reason

clay — n глина; глинозем  consolidate — v твердеть, затвердевать, уплотнять(ся); укреплять; syn solidify   crust — n кора; геол. земная кора

decay — v гнить, разлагаться; n выветривание (пород); рас­пад, разложение  derive -v (from) происхо­дить, вести свое происхожде­ние (от); наследовать  destroy [- v разрушать; унич­тожать; destructive а разруши­тельный

dissolve — v растворять  expose — v выходить (на поверхность); обнажаться; ex­posure п обнажение  external — а внешний extrusive — а эффузив­ный, излившийся (о горной породе)   force — v заставлять, принуждать; ускорять движение; п сила; усилие  glacier — п ледник, глетчер  grain — п зерно; angular grain -угловатые зерна (минералов) grained а зернистый

gravel — п гравий, крупный песок

internal — а внутренний    intrusive — а интрузив­ный, плутонический

iron — п железо  layer — п пласт  like [laik] а похожий, подобный; syn similar; ant unlike; adv по­добно

lime — n известь; limestone n известняк loose — а несвязанный, свобод­ный; рыхлый  make up — v составлять; n состав (вещества)

particle — n частица; вклю­чение     peat — n торф; торфяник

represent — v представ­лять собою; означать; быть представителем; representative n представитель; representative  а характерный, типичный

rock — n горная порода; igneous- изверженная порода; sedimentary ~ осадочная порода,    sand — n песок  sandstoun — n песчаник;

fine-grained (medium- grained, coarse-grained) — мелкозернистый (среднезернистый, грубозернистый) песчаник

sediment  — n отложение; осадочная порода; sedimentary  a осадочный; sedimentation  n образование осадочных пород

shist — n (кристаллический) сланец; schistose а сланцеватый, слоистый

shale -n сланец, сланцевая глина, глинистый сланец;

clay глинистый сланец; combustible~ ,  oil ~  горючий сланец

siltstone — n алеврит      stratification — n напластование, залегание

stratify — v напластовываться; отлагаться пластами;

stratified а пластовый; syn layered, bedded

substance — n вещество, материал; сущность   thickness — n толщина, мощность

value — n ценность; важность; величина; значение;     а ценный (о руде)

vary — v изменять(ся); отличать(ся); syn differ, change (from); variable — а переменный; непостоянный, various а различный; syn different

3. а) Переведите слова с префиксом un-:

unconsolidated, uncemented, unusual, undeformed, unsatisfactory, unnecessary, unlike

неукрепленный, несцементированный, необычный, недеформированный, неудовлетворительный, ненужный, непохожий

б) Переведите предложения:

1. The results of the experiments were unsatisfactory.
2. Gravel, sand and clay are unconsolidated mechanical sediments.
3. They are called so because they are composed of loose uncemented particles.
4. The geologists found the old structures which were unusual and undeformed.
5. Результаты экспериментов оказались неудовлетворительными.
6. Гравий, песок и глина представляют собой рыхлые механические отложения.
7. Они называются так потому, что состоят из рыхлых несцементированных частиц.
8. Геологи нашли старые структуры, которые были необычными и недеформированными.
9. 4. Переведите следующие слова с префиксом рге-:

pre-existing, pre-glacial, pre-historic, pre-Cambrian, pre-capitalist

существовавший ранее, доледниковый, доисторический, докембрийский, докапиталистический

5. Определите значения like:
6. The miner we met at the colliery has three sons. His elder son is taking a course at a mining technical school. Like his father he is going to become a miner. He looks like his father. He likes his future speciality.
7. У шахтера, которого мы встретили на угольной шахте, есть трое сыновей. Его старший сын учится в горном техникуме. Как и его отец, он собирается стать шахтером. Он похож на своего отца. Ему нравится его будущая специальность.
8. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.
9. Как и песок, песчаники можно разделить на мелкозернистые, среднезернистые и крупнозернистые.
10. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

valuable minerals — the accumulation of sediments — the destructive action of water -available resources -consolidated and unconsolidated sediments -successful prospecting -exposed rocks -organic decay -solidified rocks -stratified deposits- various discoveries- pre-existing rocks- the internal structure of rocks- firmly cemented particles- fire damp- mineral substances- surface exposure- loose sediments- igneous rocks

 

ценные полезные ископаемые — накопление отложений — разрушающее действие воды — имеющиеся ресурсы — сцементированные и рыхлые отложения — успешные поиски — имеющиеся залежи — органический распад — затвердевшие породы — расслоенные отложения- различные находки- ранее существовавшие породы- внутреннее строение горных пород — зацементированные частицы- рудничный газ- минеральные вещества- воздействие на поверхномть- рыхлые отложения- изверженные породы

7. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

three main groups of rocks, the most important characteristic of sediments, the destructive mechanical action of water, the accumu lation of materials, the usual cementing substance, the decay of organisms, organic sediments, mineral oil, large practical value

три основные группы горных пород, важнейшая характеристика отложений, разрушающее механическое действие воды, накопление материалов, обычное связующее вещество, разложение организмов, органические отложения, нефтепродукты, большое практическое значение

8. Прочитайте текст. Перечислите основные способы осадочных пород. They are sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks.

Sedimentary Rocks

The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three maid groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks, that make up the crust of the Earth. Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stratification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms. Fig. 1 shows relative abundance¹ of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth’s crust is  made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. In contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth’s surface is three times that of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 right). Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth’s crust. On the contrary, about thrее quarters of the Earth’s surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth’s surface.

 

 

The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand | and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.

Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsoli­dated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce­mented particles (grains).

On the Earth’s surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sand­stones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of depos­its or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral substances that are dissolved in water.

Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.² They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.

The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and  dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

 

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

9. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста.

Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into two main groups. False. The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three maid groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks.
2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing rocks. False. The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three maid groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks.
3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified. True. Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified.
4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers. True. Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms.
5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks. False. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth’s crust is made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary.
6. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation of materials

caused by the destructive mechanical action of water. False. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth’s surface.

7.Sandstones are consolidated rocks. True. Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated.

8. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments. True. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsoli¬dated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce¬mented particles (grains).

9.Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical action of   water. False. On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of depos¬its or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water.

10. Peat and coal are the organic sediments which are of great practical value. True. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.
11. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimentation period and clay was formed later. True. Such sediments as gravel, sand | and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.
12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
13. What main groups of rocks do you know? The rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three maid groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks.
14. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing rocks? No, they don’t.
15. How were igneous rocks formed? Igneous rocks have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks.
16. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated? Most sedimentary rocks have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified.
17. What is the most important characteristic feature of sediments? Thus, stratification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks.
18. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth’s crust? It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth’s crust is made up of igneous rocks and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary.
19. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about sand and clay? Yes, it is. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsoli¬dated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce¬mented particles (grains).
20. What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be used as a cementing substance? The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Yes, it can.
21. Are there only fine-grained sandstones? Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

10.What can you say about chemical sediments? On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of deposits or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive chemical action of water.

11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they

formed? Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments. The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and         dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

11. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие слова.

а) consolidate  consolidation  consolidated              unconsolidated

 

1. consolidation is the process of cementation of loose fragments of sedimen­tary rocks.
2. As is known, sedimentary rocks consolidate under the pressure of over­laying beds.
3. Limestone, for example, is the consolidated rock which occupies vast areas of the Earth’s surface.
4. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles.

 

б) stratify    stratification       stratified

1. Bedding or stratification is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks.
2. Coal is a stratified deposit that has been developed from plant re­mains.
3. Coals stratified by the decay of organic material.
4. As a result of physical, chemical or biochemical changes veg­etable remains are stratified and changed into peat or coal, micro-organism remains changed into mineral oil, bones into phosphorite, etc.
5. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов. (Обратите внимание на время и залог глагола-сказуемого.)

to consist (of), to be used as fuel, to be dissolved, substance, fuel, as is known, by the action of, to be formed, the Earth’s crust, sedimentation

1. Земная кора состоит из осадочных, изверженных и метаморфических пород.
2. Осадочные породы образуются под действием воды, тепла, холода и органических веществ.
3. Как известно, каменная соль образуется путем осажде­ния минеральных веществ. Эти вещества растворяются в воде.
4. Уголь используется в качестве топлива.

 

1. The earth’s crust consists of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
2. Sedimentary rocks are formed under the action of water, heat, cold and organic matter.
3. As you know, rock salt is formed by precipitation of mineral substances. These substances dissolve in water.
4. Coal is used as fuel.