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 Temperament is a set of inborn traits that organize the child’ s approach to the world. They are instrumental in the development of the child’s distinct personality. These traits also determine how the child goes about learning about the world around him.

 These traits appear to be relatively stable from birth. They are enduring characteristics that are actually never “good” or “bad”. When parents understand the temperament of their children, they can avoid blaming themselves for issues that are normal for their child’ s temperament. When parents understand how their child responds to certain situations, they can learn to anticipate issues that might present difficulties for their child. They can prepare the child for the situation or in other cases they may avoid a potentially difficult situation all together.

 Parents feel more effective as they more fully understand and appreciate their child’s unique personality.

 When the demands and expectations of people and the environment are compatible with the child’ s temperament there is said to be a “goodness-of-fit”. When incompatibility exists, you have what is known as a “personality conflict”.

Темперамент — это набор врожденных черт, которые организуют отношение ребенка к миру. Они способствуют развитию индивидуальности ребенка. Эти черты также определяют, как ребенок узнает об окружающем мире.

 Эти черты кажутся относительно стабильными с рождения. Это устойчивые характеристики, которые на самом деле никогда не бывают «хорошими» или «плохими». Когда родители понимают темперамент своих детей, они могут не обвинять себя в проблемах, которые нормальны для темперамента их ребенка. Когда родители понимают, как их ребенок реагирует на определенные ситуации, они могут научиться предвидеть проблемы, которые могут создать трудности для их ребенка. Они могут подготовить ребенка к ситуации или, в других случаях, могут все вместе избежать потенциально сложной ситуации.

 Родители чувствуют себя увереннее, поскольку они лучше понимают и ценят уникальную личность своего ребенка.

 Когда потребности и ожидания людей и окружающей среды совместимы с темпераментом ребенка, говорят, что он «соответствует требованиям». Когда существует несовместимость, возникает так называемый «личностный конфликт».

 

1. What is temperament?

a) It is generally identified with components of your personality that are biological in origin.

b) It is a combination of your traits and life experiences.

c) It is a set of traits you were born with and they appear to be stable from birth.

2. Why is it very important for parents to understand a child’ s temperament?

a) to see how well a child fits for a particular activity

b) to help to adapt their parenting to each child’s needs

c) to anticipate issues before they occur and prepare a child for the situation

d) to blame themselves for issues that are not normal for their child’ s temperament

 

3) When is it said to be “goodness of fit”?

a) when a parent’s temperament conflicts with his child’ s temperament

b) when a child’ s temperament, the environment and interactions with other people around him work together

c) when the demands and expectations of people and the environment are incompatible with a child’ s temperament

d) when all temperamental qualities of a child are sensibly managed

 

4) The word “anticipate” is closest in meaning to

a) expect

b) hope

c) foresee

d) forecast

 

5) All these statements are in the text EXCEPT

a) temperament is a set of inborn traits which are relatively stable from birth

b) parents should understand the temperament of their children

c) when the expectations of people and the environment are incompatible with a child’s temperament, there is a “personality conflict”

d) different methods are used to identify temperament

 

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.

 

a. Use the present simple passive of the verbs in the box.

use play destroy speak export make

 

Example: Bread is made from wheat.

1. Football is played all over the world.

2. Millions of cars are exported from Japan every year.

3. A compass is used for showing direction.

4. How many languages are spoken in Switzerland?

5. Millions of trees are destroyed by pollution every year.

 

b. Use the past simple passive of the verbs in the box.

discover invent play assassinate paint build

 

Example: President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963.

1. The 1990 World Cup for soccer was played in Italy

2. When was television unvented?

3. The first pyramids of Egypt were built around 3000 BC.

4. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

5. The Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

 

c. Use the present continuous or present perfect passive of the verbs in the box.

not sign examine still prepare question redecorate decide

Example: Wait a little, your food is still being prepared.

1. Where is Harry? He is being questioned by the police about the accident.

2. A lot of meetings have been held, but nothing has been decided yet.

3. For the past few days I have been working in Jack’s office, as my own office has been redecorated.

4. The last two students are being examined now.

5. I’m afraid you’ll have to come tomorrow. The document are being still prepared by the president of the board.

 

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences

What is Wonderful About the Brain?

Inside your head is a remarkable organ, the brain. You use it to understand and remember things that ____1______ ( to happen ) around you.

The brain is soft and spongy. It _____2_______( to make up ) of billions of tiny parts called cells. Three coats or membranes ____3______ ( to cover ) the brain.

The brain sometimes ______4________( to call ) the busiest communication centre in the world. The brain _______5___________( to control ) your body functions and keeps all parts of your body working together. Thousands of messages from all parts of the body ________6__________( to send ) to and from the brain. Messages______7_______( to carry ) to the brain by sensory nerves. Special places, or centres, on the brain receive sensory messages from all parts of the body. When messages________8________( to receive ) by centres, the brain_______9_________( to interpret ) them.

All day long your muscles and your brain_____10________( to work ). By the end of the day they________11______________( to be tired ). Then your brain and your muscles_________12___________( to start ) to relax. Before long, you go to sleep. As you sleep, the big muscles in your body relax.

1. A. are happened B. are happening C. happens

2. A. is made up B. makes up C. made up

3. A. is covered B. covered C. cover

4. A. is called B. has called C. calls

5. A. is controlled B. controlled C. controls

6. A. send B. are being sent C. has sent

7. A. are carried B. was carried C. carried

8. A. are received B. will be received C. will receive

9. A. is interpreted B. interpreted C. interprets

10. A. are worked B. is worked C. are working

11. A. have be tired B. are tired C. are being tired

12. A. are started B. started C. start

 

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

ТЕСТ 1

 I……. wait here?

a. May b. Have to с Am to

2. It was dark, we … see nothing.

a. may b. can c. could

3. The doctor says I not go out.

a. might b. could с may

4 I have some more bread?

a. Should b. Could c. Must

5 I do anything for you?

a. May b. Must с Can

6. Nobody to park in front of the theatre.

a. must b. may с is allowed

7. They know about it. They are too young.

a. needn’t b. can’t c. must

8 you lend me a dictionary?

a. Should b. Must с Can

9. Sorry, sir, you not smoke here.

a. might b. needn’t с may

10. It’s very late. You phone them now.

a. shouldn’t b. haven’t to с can’t

11. You to visit your parents.

a. should b. ought с have to

12. Like any top sportsman she to train very hard.

a. had b. must с should

13. The train isn’t late. It come in time.

a. should b. ought с is to

14. The policeman said: ‘No one leave the room’

a. is allowed to b. has to с could

15. The water is cold, you swim.

a. haven’t to b. must с can’t

16. I… to cover the whole distance on foot.

a. can b. have с must

17. Must I come to the university on Sunday? No, you….

a. mustn’t b. can’t c. needn’t

18. I’m afraid the weather change for the worse.

a. must b. may с should

19. You …….. to come here again.

a. have b. must c. should

20. You work hard at your English if you want to know it.

a. must b. is to с may

21. You not go out, the lesson is not over yet.

a. have b. may с can

22. Somebody will’ to meet her.

a. ought b. need c. have

23. I to help you tonight.

a. shan’t be able b. shan’t be allowed c. shan’t have

24. He speak three foreign languages.

a. can b. may с is to

25. The sky is dark. It rain soon.

a. may b. should с has to

26. The lights are on. They be at home.

a. may b. must с are to

27. The weather change tomorrow.

a. may b. must с should

28. She to finish school in a year.

a. may b. has с is

ТЕСТ 2

Соотнесите английские предложения с русскими:

1. Не may come. ‘ b) Он может прийти

2. Не couldn’t come.. е) Он не смог прийти.

3. Не must come. d) Он должен прийти.

4. Не had to come. h) Ему пришлось прийти.

5. Не shouldn’t come. с) Ему не следует приходить.

6. He’ll be able to come. f) Он сможет прийти.

7. He needn’t come. а) Ему можно не приходить.

8. Не isn’t allowed to come, g) Ему не разрешают прийти.

REPORTED SPEECH

TEST 1

1. John said, “I’m sorry to disturb you, Eliza”

A. John told that he was sorry to disturb Eliza.

B. John told Eliza he was sorry to disturb her.

C. John said to Eliza he had been sorry to disturb her.

2. He said, “Where is Jill going?”

A. He asked where was Jill going.

B. He asked where Jill went.

C. He asked where Jill was going.

3. Sally said, “I would like to buy it.”

A. Sally said that she would like to buy it.

B. Sally said she would have liked to buy it.

C. Sally said that she liked to buy it.

4. “If I had any instructions, I would know what to do”, said Mag.

A. Mag said that if she had any instructions she would have known what to do.

B. Mag said if she had any instructions she knew what to do.

C. Mag said that if she had any instructions she would know what to do.

5. Robby asked, “Tom, do you know “Old Barn? It’s on the Sbary Road.”

A. Robby asked Tom if he knew “Old Barn” that was on the Sbary Road.

B. Robby asked Tom did he knew “Old Barn”, it was on Sbary Road.

C. Robby asked Tom where “Old Ban” was.