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Task 1. Make these active sentences passive and translate them into Russian.

1. The scientist had presented two solving methods of that important problem by the early December. solving methods of that important problem had been presented

Two solving methods of important problem had been presented by scientist by the early December.

2. Yesterday the engineers of our research institute carried out some important experiments in our laboratory. Some important experiments were carried out yesterday in our laboratory by the engineers of our research institute.
3. This university established a distance education department responsible for future vocational education training. A distance education department responsible for future vocational education training was established by this university.
4. We use these specially purchased tools and instruments for maintenance of mechanisms used on our farm. These specially purchased tools and instruments are used for maintenance of mechanisms used on our farm.
5. This equipment can produce and control machine parts with very high accuracy. Machine parts can be produced and controlled by this equipment with very high accuracy.
6. They have made these experiments to prove that their theory was sound enough. These experiments have been made to prove that their theory was sound enough.
7. Everybody is to keep these trucks in the first-class condition. These trucks are to be kept in the first-class condition by everybody.
8. We will use several important groups of metals and alloys for manufacturing machine elements. Several important groups of metals and alloys will be used for manufacturing machine elements.
9. The worker is adjusting this device in the laboratory. This device is being adjusted by the worker in the laboratory.
10. We should widely apply these devices to many industrial and domestic needs. These devices should be widely applied to many industrial and domestic needs.

Task 2. Complete the sentences in the Passive Voice with the verbs in brackets.

1. This new experimental line was worked out by the specialists of our university last year.
2. Some spare parts to the automobiles at this enterprise are ordered from our dealers in Russia.
3. Complex agricultural processes will be explained to mechanical department students at the next lecture.
4. Motors can be used for converting different forms of energy into mechanical energy.
5. Some experiments on the properties of these devices for agricultural purposes were carried out by the students before the exam.
6. Nowadays a lot of new agricultural machines are being used to till soil and to plant cereals and vegetables.
7. The production of John Deere combines should be increased next year by some 50 per cent.
8. Before putting into mass production, all the units and mechanisms of this car will be subjected to tests, first in the plant laboratory and then in road tests.
9. Nowadays, fingerprint identification is being used instead of a key for modern car starting.
10. This innovative ignition system will be employed in far advanced Ford’s models in the future.

MODAL VERBS

Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Steels and its products may be used in different branches of industry and agriculture.
2. Special technical means were to be provided so that air could come into the cylinder of the engine.
3. This automobile unit can be attached or removed in a matter of minutes by one man.
4. You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the user manual provided by this Turkish
5. Your business partner will only be able to undertake our truck inspection tomorrow.
6. In this newly developed model of BMW the “computer systems of the future” may be realized in full.
7. The driver must have good knowledge of technical characteristics for various devices of his vehicle.
8. Qualified engineers are to easily define the technological properties of these materials.
9. Elements mounted on the engine, brakes and other hydraulic systems must be able to survive a temperature range of -50⁰ to  +150⁰
10. An automobile should be provided with a first-aid kit and accident signs, i.e. “triangles”.
11. Сталь и изделия из нее могут использоваться в различных отраслях промышленности и сельского хозяйства.
12. Должны были быть предусмотрены специальные технические средства, чтобы воздух мог поступать в цилиндр двигателя.
13. Этот автомобильный агрегат может быть установлен или снят одним человеком за несколько минут.
14. Не следует верить всему, что вы читаете в руководстве пользователя этого турецкого производителя.
15. Ваш деловой партнер сможет провести техосмотр грузовика только завтра.
16. В этой новой модели BMW могут быть полностью реализованы «компьютерные системы будущего».
17. Водитель должен хорошо знать технические характеристики различных устройств своего транспортного средства.
18. Квалифицированные инженеры должны легко определять технологические свойства этих материалов.
19. Элементы, установленные на двигателе, тормозах и других гидравлических системах, должны выдерживать диапазон температур от -500 до + 1500 ° C.
20. Автомобиль должен быть снабжен аптечкой и дорожными знаками — «треугольниками».

Task 2. Refer the following sentences to the past using could, had to, was to, was allowed to. Don’t forget to make all the necessary changes.

1. This electrical circuit could be used to control some other schemes in the engine.
2. The students were allowed to take any device they like so that to measure the required parameter.
3. My friend lives a long way from his institute and he had to get up very early in the morning.
4. Our specialists could reconsider and modify the new brake assembly to the new model of this truck.
5. One had to know and observe basic rules to prevent accidents in operating vehicles.
6. They had to help their friend to solve this vital problem as soon as it can be possible.
7. He could not complete his research in time, as he must work very carefully.
8. The students could not do the work without their teacher’s help; he must help them.
9. As the student is late for his Soil Science class, he was not allowed to enter the classroom.
10. Our Tolyatti plant had to increase the output of automobiles by 25 per cent monthly.

CONDITIONALS

Task 1. Practice to use conditional sentences of types 1, 2 and 3.

• If the starter motor is in order, it will start after the first or the second attempt.
• If we use good lubricants in the rubbing joints, the mechanisms run without breaking down for a long time.
• Any units of any automobile work for a longer time if they are made of higher-quality materials.
• If the air is not cleaned properly, the engine inhales too much dust with the resultant damaging of the injection system components.
• If we test any material, we can use it in our research.

• If the starter motor was in order, it would start after the first or the second attempt.
• If we used good lubricants in the rubbing joints, the mechanisms would run without breaking down for a long time.
• Any units of any automobile would work for a longer time if they were made of higher-quality materials.
• If the air was not cleaned properly, the engine would inhale too much dust with the resultant damaging of the injection system components.
• If we tested any material, we could use it in our research.

• If the starter motor had been in order, it would have started after the first or the second attempt.
• If we had used good lubricants in the rubbing joints, the mechanisms would have run without breaking down for a long time.
• Any units of any automobile would have worked for a longer time if they have been made of higher-quality materials.
• If the air had not been cleaned properly, the engine would have inhaled too much dust with the resultant damaging of the injection system components.
• If we had tested any material, we could have used it in our research.

Task 2. Match the two sentence parts to form complete sentences.

Task 3. Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

• If this material had been so strong, it would never have been used for these details because it would not have withstood heavy loads.
• If the engine operates at half throttle, a high vacuum in the inlet manifold will result in lifting the valve off its seat.
• If the carburetor were of a non-balanced type, the float chamber would directly communicate with the atmosphere.
• If the ignition system had been maladjusted, the car would have started yesterday in such a bitter frost.
• Mechanical engineers would have designed systems of any kind if they had been provided with the basic information.
• If the work of a combine harvester in a field is planned well, there will be a considerable saving in wear and in the time taken to do its job.
• If a new operator of this mounted implement had come, we would have started our row crop work in this vineyard today.
• If that experienced mechanic had come in time, we would not have repaired and adjusted the valve mechanism of the car so quickly.
• If the compression had been higher, the normal operation and the power output of the engine would have been insured.
• If these inserted short thin-walled sleeves of acid-resistant cast iron were not used the service life of the cylinder liners would be extended.

Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. One of the main tasks for engineers to decide before beginning to use any new methods and materials is to evaluate its environmental impacts.
2. To flush the cooling system periodically with water and keep it clean of scale is very important for the normal circulation of coolant.
3. The basic question to be answered in mechanization is what costs are required to receive farm’s maximum under minimal efforts.
4. The clearance between the valve stem and the rocker arm to be adjusted is shown in table 2 at the end of the driver’s manual.
5. To clean the engine of dirt you are recommended to use scrapers and wash it with a special solution not to damage the gaskets.
6. You are recommended to use good gasoline not to damage the fuel system components and the fuel system of the engine as the whole.
7. To ensure normal operation of the internal combustion engine at any time is very important to get high power output and good fuel economy.
8. There were some attempts to undo the attachment bolt and to remove the impeller from the engine for the following repair.
9. He proved to be our new mechanic who was to detect the cause of the failure and select the most efficient method for eliminating it.
10. To use good lubricants is to have success in the engine operation and to increase the engine efficiency per unit work done.
11. Одна из основных задач, которую инженеры должны решить перед тем, как начать использовать какие-либо новые методы и материалы, — это оценка их воздействия на окружающую среду.
12. Для нормальной циркуляции охлаждающей жидкости очень важно периодически промывать систему охлаждения водой и очищать ее от накипи.
13. Основной вопрос, на который необходимо ответить при механизации, — какие затраты необходимы для получения максимума фермы при минимальных усилиях.
14. Зазор между штоком клапана и регулируемым коромыслом показан в таблице 2 в конце руководства для водителя.
15. Для очистки двигателя от грязи рекомендуется использовать скребки и промыть его специальным раствором, чтобы не повредить прокладки.
16. Рекомендуется использовать хороший бензин, чтобы не повредить компоненты топливной системы и топливную систему двигателя в целом.
17. Для обеспечения нормальной работы двигателя внутреннего сгорания в любое время очень важно получить высокую выходную мощность и хорошую экономию топлива.
18. Были попытки открутить крепежный болт и снять крыльчатку с двигателя для последующего ремонта.
19. Он оказался нашим новым механиком, который должен был обнаружить причину поломки и выбрать наиболее эффективный метод ее устранения.
20. Использование хороших смазочных материалов означает успешную работу двигателя и повышение его эффективности на единицу выполненной работы.

Task 2. Join the sentences using infinitives and translate them into Russian.

1. In his early youth, this scientist had to save money to buy the apparatuses and instruments for his experiments.
2. Everybody knows that the shutters must be opened in some extent to adjust the intensity of airflow through the radiator core to cool the engine more intensively.
3. A fuel filter is a very important device to prevent different impurities from getting into the feed system.
4. The excessive current increases the temperature of ignition wires enough to melt them and break the circuit.
5. This scientist made a series of experiments to improve the device, which he had invented.
6. The calibration is a graduation of any instrument to undertake in order to enable measurements in definite units.
7. Last year I would call on this repair shop on my way to work to do it to order spare parts.
8. Professor Petrov was the first to present his results on this problem.
9. This scientist liked to make experiments alone in his laboratory to be his hobby.

• The generator is a special electrical device to change mechanical energy into electrical one necessary for the automobile.

1. В ранней юности этому ученому приходилось копить деньги на приобретение аппаратов и инструментов для своих экспериментов.
2. Всем известно, что заслонки нужно в какой-то степени открывать, чтобы регулировать интенсивность воздушного потока через сердцевину радиатора и более интенсивно охлаждать двигатель.
3. Топливный фильтр — очень важное устройство, предотвращающее попадание различных примесей в систему подачи.
4. Избыточный ток увеличивает температуру проводов зажигания настолько, что они расплавляются и разрываются в цепи.
5. Этот ученый провел серию экспериментов по усовершенствованию изобретенного им устройства.
6. Калибровка — это градуировка любого прибора, которую необходимо провести, чтобы можно было проводить измерения в определенных единицах.
7. В прошлом году я заходил в эту ремонтную мастерскую по дороге на работу, чтобы сделать заказ запчастей.
8. Профессор Петров первым представил свои результаты по этой проблеме.
9. Этот ученый любил проводить эксперименты в одиночку в своей лаборатории, что было его хобби.
10. Генератор — это специальное электрическое устройство для преобразования механической энергии в электрическую, необходимую для автомобиля.

COMPLEX OBJECT AND COMPLEX SUBJECT COMPARED

Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

• This coolant is heard to have found wide application for its non-freezing characteristics, which are very important in the arctic zone.
• We saw the valves open and close the inlet and exhaust ports in the cylinder head.
• We heard the engine to be repaired miss and knock at a low speed with a fully opened choke.
• University research is known to have become the principle source of agricultural progress.
• New makes of clutches and other transmission elements are expected to be offered to customers as soon as next month.
• The temperature is reported to influence the operation of the engine to a little extent.
• This water pump turned out to create normal coolant flow through the cooling system.
• Under the existing conditions, the industrial utilization of this type of generators made them suffer some trouble.
• A new designer is likely to decide the problem connected to the attachment of some details which are difficult to be fastened.
• Field research is recognized to have turned into the best reliable source of agricultural data accumulation.

1) Этот хладагент нашел широкое применение благодаря своим незамерзающим характеристикам, которые очень важны в арктической зоне.

2) Мы видели, как клапаны открываются и закрываются впускной и выпускной патрубки в головке блока цилиндров.

3) Мы слышали, как ремонтируемый двигатель промахивается и стучит на малой скорости при полностью открытой заслонке.

4) Известно, что университетские исследования стали основным источником сельскохозяйственного прогресса.

5) Ожидается, что новые марки муфт и других элементов трансмиссии будут предложены покупателям уже в следующем месяце.

6) Сообщается, что температура в некоторой степени влияет на работу двигателя.

7) Этот водяной насос оказался для создания нормального потока охлаждающей жидкости через систему охлаждения.

8) В существующих условиях промышленное использование генераторов этого типа вызывало у них проблемы.

9) Скорее всего, новый дизайнер решит проблему, связанную с креплением некоторых деталей, которые сложно застегнуть.

10) Полевые исследования признаны лучшим надежным источником сбора сельскохозяйственных данных.

Task 2. Join the sentences using Complex Object / Complex Subject and translate them.

• He heard them to talk about some attempts to regulate this device at the laboratory.
• It was reported in the newspaper our engineers to have solved at last the problem of cheap biodiesel production on a large scale having made lots of experiments.
• It happened so him to be the first scientist who suggested the idea of dividing filters into primary and secondary ones.
• It is a known fact a signal to be used in daytime is substituted by colored lights at night.
• The director of the project ordered it to be of the main tasks for engineers to decide before the construction of the new plant was to evaluate its environmental impacts.
• All the engineers believe the efficiency of these new devices to be much higher than that of the old ones.
• We supposed new makes of clutches and other transmission elements to be offered to customers as soon as next month.
• It was noted at the last lecture heavy field tractors to be used in farming are not really all-purpose ones and that they should by no means be employed for in-house operations.
• Everybody wants it very much our university graduates to become the most welcomed agricultural resource in terms of their professional competence.
• Our university professor lecturing on engineering made the students to turn their attention to the problems of diesel engines and their wider application.

1) Он слышал, как они рассказывали о некоторых попытках отрегулировать это устройство в лаборатории.

2) В газете сообщалось, что наши инженеры наконец решили проблему производства дешевого биодизеля в больших масштабах, проведя множество экспериментов.

3) Так получилось, что он был первым ученым, который предложил разделить фильтры на первичные и вторичные.

4) Известно, что дневной сигнал заменяется цветным светом в ночное время.

5) Директор проекта распорядился, чтобы одной из основных задач инженеров перед строительством нового завода была оценка его воздействия на окружающую среду.

6) Все инженеры считают, что эффективность этих новых устройств намного выше, чем у старых.

7) Мы предполагали, что новые марки сцеплений и других элементов трансмиссии будут предложены покупателям уже в следующем месяце.

8) На прошлой лекции было отмечено, что тяжелые полевые тракторы, которые будут использоваться в сельском хозяйстве, не являются универсальными и ни в коем случае не должны использоваться для собственных нужд.

9) Все очень хотят, чтобы выпускники наших университетов стали самым желанным сельскохозяйственным ресурсом с точки зрения их профессиональной компетенции.

10) Профессор нашего университета, читавший лекции по инженерии, заставил студентов обратить внимание на проблемы дизельных двигателей и их более широкое применение.

THE GERUND AND PARTICIPLE I COMPARED

Task 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Before starting your engine, place the gearshift lever in neutral disengaging the clutch by depressing the clutch pedal all the way down to the cab floor.
2. An instrument connected to an electric circuit and measuring the power delivered to the ignition circuit is a wattmeter.
3. Being widely used in industry, electrical motors and power generators are also used in every domestic practice including inner and outer lighting and in-house heating purposes.
4. Operating an engine continuously under dusty conditions can lead to rapid accumulation of carbon and solid particles mixed with the oil in the crankcase.
5. Opening a pressure valve cap you should be very attentive not to hurt your face and hands with hot steam, which will escape from the filler neck.
6. For washing the radiator, it is necessary to fill it with a special solution through the filler neck and leave it for a prescribed period.
7. You’ll have to warm up the engine till the coolant temperature reaches 50-60 degrees before starting to load it to run.
8. Reducing the power requirements and operating for a longer time cut power costs, which allow some businesses to purchase newer farm machinery.
9. Protecting the operator from fatiguing vibration on a machine is rather difficult if at all possible.

• Working at his new device the engineer made numerous experiments till he got the results obtained.

1. Перед запуском двигателя переведите рычаг переключения передач в нейтральное положение, отключив сцепление, нажав педаль сцепления полностью до пола кабины.
2. Прибор, подключенный к электрической цепи и измеряющий мощность, передаваемую в цепь зажигания, представляет собой ваттметр.
3. Электродвигатели и генераторы, широко используемые в промышленности, также используются во всех домашних делах, включая внутреннее и внешнее освещение и отопление помещений.
4. Продолжительная эксплуатация двигателя в условиях запыленности может привести к быстрому накоплению углерода и твердых частиц, смешанных с маслом, в картере.
5. Открывая крышку напорного клапана, нужно быть очень внимательным, чтобы не поранить лицо и руки горячим паром, который выйдет из заливной горловины.
6. Для промывки радиатора необходимо через заливную горловину залить в него специальный раствор и оставить на установленный срок.
7. Перед запуском нагрузки на работу необходимо прогреть двигатель до температуры охлаждающей жидкости 50-60 градусов.
8. Снижение требований к электроэнергии и более длительная эксплуатация сокращают затраты на электроэнергию, что позволяет некоторым предприятиям приобретать более новую сельскохозяйственную технику.
9. Защитить оператора от утомительной вибрации на машине довольно сложно, если это вообще возможно.
10. Работая над своим новым устройством, инженер провел множество экспериментов, пока не получил результаты.

Task 2. Change the following sentences using the Gerunds, Participles I and the verbal nouns.

• Specific fuel consumption is the amount of fuel used by a tractor, harvesting combine or a truck covering certain mileage.
• Having used the data of the study undertaken by experts, we can now take correct decisions when we choose correct crops and fertilizers.
• Having obtained new types of agricultural equipment previously advertised in specialized publications, farmers can now use agricultural know-how they have needed for so long.
• The carburetor, mixing air and fuel, is a complicated device, which is used in every gasoline-powered automobile.
• The crankshaft having turned at a rated speed the pressure in any good cylinder after a while is 0.70-0.78 MPa or like that.
• Carrying out maintenance of the fuel system units, you should observe fire safety, industrial sanitary rules and general safety rules not to hurt yourself.
• A steam engine is a machine, using steam power to perform mechanical work through the agency of heat.
• Using antifreeze, fill it 6-7 per cent by volume less than water not to disturb the cooling system since the former expands more intensively when it is heated.
• The inventor is against changing the construction of the measuring device.
• The generator is a special electrical device, changing mechanical energy into electrical energy.