Каждая страна имеет свою собственную правовую систему и свой свод законов, которые называются национальным (внутренним) правом. Национальное право включает в себя не только право на национальном уровне, но и право на государственном, региональном или местном уровнях. Например, в США есть федеральные законы и законы штатов.

Международное право регулирует отношения между правительствами, а также между частными лицами одной страны и гражданами другой. Государства соглашаются подчиняться международному праву, будучи членами великой международной организацией, такой как Организация Объединенных Наций, или путем заключения договоров друг с другом.

Многие страны проводят важное различие между гражданским (или частным) и публичным правом. Гражданское право касается споров между гражданами внутри страны, а публичное право касается споров между субъектом права и государством. В гражданском праве есть попытка исправить ошибку, выполнить соглашение или урегулировать спор. Основными категориями английского гражданского права являются: договорное право, деликтное право, трастовое право, наследственное право, корпоративное право, трудовое право, земельное право, семейное право, право интеллектуальной собственности и другие. Основными категориями публичного права являются уголовное право, конституционное право и административное право. Уголовное право имеет дело с правонарушениями (преступлениями), причиняющими вред благополучию общества, даже если они совершены как преступление против личности. Основной целью уголовного права является предотвращение других людей от совершения подобных проступков. Конституционный закон устанавливает права и обязанности гражданина. Он также регулирует отношения между различными ветвями власти, такими как исполнительная, законодательная и судебная. Конституционный закон обычно содержится в Конституции страны. Однако в Соединенном Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии в силу исторических и политических причин Конституция не существует в одном письменном документе. В Великобритании действует неписаная конституция — конституция этого государства обычно содержится в таких законодательных актах, как Великая хартия вольностей, Билль о правах и других. Административное право применяется исполнительной ветвью власти, а не законодательной и судебной ветвями. Он регулирует международную торговлю, налогообложение, окружающую среду, защиту, изготовление. Уголовный и гражданский процессы различны между собой. Преступные действия почти всегда начинаются со штата. Гражданские иски, с другой стороны, обычно инициируются отдельными лицами. Сторона, возбуждающая уголовный иск (то есть в большинстве случаев я заявляю), называется обвинением. Сторона, подающая гражданский иск, называется истцом (истец США). Сторона, обвиняемая в суде в совершении преступления или гражданского правонарушения, именуется ответчиком по горячим видам деяний.

III

Law – National Law, International Law

National Law – Civil Law, Public Law

Civil Law –Law of trust, Company Law, Family Law, Probate Law, Employment Law, Law of tort, Law of Contract, Intellectual Property Law, Land Law.

Public Law – Criminal Law, Administrative Law, Constitutional Law.

 

1. Answer the following questions.
2. What law is called national law? Every country has its own legal system and its own set of laws that are called national (domestic) law.
3. What does national law include? National law includes not only law at the national level, but law at the state, regional or local levels. For example, the USA has federal laws and state laws as well.
4. What relations does international law regulate? International law regulates relations between governments and also between private itizens of one country and those of another.
5. How do states agree to obey international law? States agree to obey international law by being members of a great international organization such as the United Nations, or by entering into treaties with one another.
6. What is the main distinction between public and private law? Many countries make an important distinction between civil (or private) andpublic law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between subject of Law and the State.
7. What is the aim of private law? Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems).
8. What are the main categories of private law? The main categories of public law are criminal law, constitutional law and administrative law.
9. What are the main categories of public law? The main categories of public law are criminal law, constitutional law and administrative law.
10. What does criminal law deal with? Criminal law deals with wrongs (crimes) which harm the well-being of society, even when they are committed a crime against an individual.
11. What is the main aim of criminal law? The main aim of criminal law is to deter other people from committing similar wrongs.
12. What does constitutional law regulate? Constitutional law states the citizen’s rights and duties. It also regulates the relationships between different branches of the state, such as the executive, the legislative and the judiciary ones.
13. What are the branches of the state? They are the executive branch, legislative and the judiciary branches.

 

 

 

 

 

1. EXERCISES

ercise 1. Supply Russian equivalents:

 

to bring a criminal action

claimant

to honour an agreement

employment law

unwritten constitution

to accuse smb of smth

to harm the welbeing of society

to deal with smth

judiciary branch

at the national level

to commit a crime

law of tort

probate law criminal procedure

civil action prosecution

to settle a dispute executive branch

to enforce a law defendant

intellectual property law

to deter smb from smth

international trade

taxation

возбудить уголовное дело

истец

соблюдать соглашение

трудовое право

неписаная конституция

обвинять кого-л. в чем-л.

наносить ущерб благосостоянию общества

иметь дело с чем-л.

судебная власть

на национальном уровне

совершить преступление

деликтное право

уголовно-процессуальное право

уголовное преследование по гражданскому иску

для разрешения спора исполнительный орган

принуждать ответчика к исполнению закона

закон об интеллектуальной собственности

отпугивать кого-л. от чего-л.

Международная торговля

Налогообложение

 

Exercise 2. Complete the table:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
To crime	crime	criminal
To prosecute	prosecution	prosecutive
wrong	wronger	Wrongful
To defend	defender	defensive
To accuse	accusation	accusative
To region	region	regional
To agree	agreement	agreed
To administrate	administration	administrative
To harm	harm	harmful
To judge	judge	judicial
To legislate	legislation	legislative
To protect	protection	protector
histor	history	historical
To apply	application	applicable

 

Exercise 3. Match words and collocations with the ones that have similar meanings.

1. D
2. E
3. A
4. F
5. G
6. B
7. C
8. I
9. H

• J
• K

 

Exercise 4. Supply English equivalents.

регулировать отношения между кем-л.

наследственное право

внутри страны

урегулировать спор

закон об интеллектуальной собственности

законодательная ветвь власти

международная торговля

обеспечивать соблюдение закона

совершить правонарушение

споры между кем-либо

возбуждать дело против кого-л.

доверительное право

гражданское судопроизводство

национальное право

восстановить справедливость

обвинение

административное право

заключать международные договоры

трудовое право

неписаная конституция

наносить вред благополучию общества

обвинить кого-л. в чем-л.

закон о компаниях

ответчик

 

to regulate relations between smb.

inheritance law

inside the country

to settle a dispute

intellectual property law

legislative branch

international trade

enforce the law

to commit an offense

disputes between someone

file a case against smb.

To trust

civil litigation

national law

to restore justice

accusation

administrative law

conclude international treaties

labor law

unwritten constitution

harm the welfare of society

blame someone. in smth.

company law

defendant

 

Exercise 5. Translate the following collocations into English and make sentences with them.

Быть обвиненным в преступлении, в воровстве, в правонарушении

начинать гражданское преследование, уголовное преследование

иметь дело со спорами между гражданами, с международными договорами

совершать преступление, правонарушение

урегулировать спор, сложный вопрос, разногласие

заключать договор, сделку

 

To be charged with a crime, theft, a misdemeanor

To initiate civil prosecution, criminal prosecution

To deal with disputes between citizens, with international treaties

To commit a crime, offense

To settle a dispute, difficult issue, disagreement

To conclude an agreement

 

1. A man was charged with a crime.
2. To initiate civil prosecution we should know many rules.
3. They dealt with disputes between citizens and with international treaties.
4. He was said to commit a crime.
5. It is important to settle a dispute.
6. He managed to conclude an agreement.

Exercise 6. Insert the prepositions consulting the text.

1. From
2. By, by, into
3. With, by
4. Due to
5. By
6. By, in, of
7. Between, in
8. At, at

Exercise 7. Fill in the gaps with missing words consulting the text.

1. Attempt, a wrong, agreement, dispute
2. Executive, legislative, judiciary
3. Deter, commiting
4. Regulate, different branches of the state, many
5. Unwritten, statutes
6. Branches, executive, legislative
7. Disputes, public, disputes
8. Obey, United Nations, treaties
9. Set, national
10. Speaking, part, court

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences consulting the text.

1. Public law concerns disputes between citizens (subjects of law) and the state.
2. The party initiating a criminal case is called the prosecution.
3. Criminal cases are almost always initiated by the state.
4. There are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
5. Civil law deals with disputes between citizens of the same country.
6. A State agrees to be bound by international law by being members of international organizations and by concluding international treaties with each other.
7. The party who is accused of a crime or offense is called the defendant.
8. Civil cases are initiated by private individuals.
9. Criminal law deals with offenses that harm the well-being of society.
10. The party starting a civil case is called the plaintiff
11. Each side has its own legal system and its own set of laws, which is called national law.
12. For historical and political reasons, in Great Britain does not have a written constitution.

 

Exercise 9. Find a suitable word or collocation for each definition

1. F
2. J
3. A
4. H
5. B
6. E
7. C
8. I
9. D
10. G

 

 

Exercise 10. Use the passive sentences in the Continues.

1. The matter was being discussed at the moment when we joined the meeting
2. A wrong was being committed now, when we went out.
3. The contract was being made the moment,when the phone rang.
4. A new company was being set u p at present, when they informed us that.
5. The dispute was being settled at the moment when we entered the conference room.

Exercise 11. Change the following sentences using the Passive voice.

1. A civil action was started.
2. The well-being of society is harmed.
3. A wrong has been commited.
4. Contracts are dealt with.
5. A criminal action is usually brought by the state.
6. The contract is being discussed now.
7. An agreement will be reached soon.
8. The dispute has been settled.
9. The problem was being solved when the phone rang.
10. Relations between private citizens and the government are regulated by constitutional law.
11. He was being accused of this crime.

• The agreement has been honoured.
• The UK Constitution is found in statutes.
• A criminal action against him is being brought.

Exercise 12. Translate the following collocations using participles.

1. a criminal action brought by the state; the party bringing a criminal action
2. a contract made in 2011; the parties making a contract
3. an action started by an individual; an individual starting an action
4. a company set up in 2010; private person setting up a company
5. a precedent applied by the judge; judges applying precedents
6. the dispute settled by the parties; the parties settling the dispute
7. the wrong committed by the defendant; the defendant committing the wrong
8. treaties made by the states; the states making treaties.

 

1. уголовный иск, возбужденный государством; сторона, возбуждающая уголовное дело
2. контракт заключен в 2011 году; стороны, заключающие договор
3. действие, начатое физическим лицом; индивидуум, начинающий действие
4. компания создана в 2010 году; частное лицо, создающее компанию
5. прецедент, примененный судьей; судьи, применяющие прецеденты
6. спор урегулирован сторонами; стороны, разрешающие спор
7. зло, совершенное подсудимым; подсудимый совершает правонарушение
8. договоры, заключенные штатами; государства, заключающие договоры.

 

Exercise 13. Make collocations using participles as shown in previous exercise.

1. A state adopting a new law, a new law adopted by a state
2. A statute interpreted by a law, a law interpreting a statute
3. A contract carried out, a party carrying out a contract
4. A civil action brought by the state, the state bringing a civil action
5. Legal advice seeked by the man, the man seeking legal advice
6. A judge solving a problem, a problem solved by a judge
7. The agreement honoured by the state, the state honouring the agreement
8. The girl accused of the crime, the crime accusing the girl of

Exercise 14. Translate the sentences into Russian using the given structures.

1) Именно государство обычно инициирует преступные действия.

2) Именно доктрина прецедента является важнейшей концепцией английского общего права.

3) Именно суд справедливости признал право на конкретное исполнение.

4) Гражданский иск предъявляет только истец.

5) Именно публичное право касается споров между гражданами и государством.

6) Именно судья определяет право, применимое к делу; именно присяжные решают факты после того, как судья проинструктировал их относительно закона.

7) Сегодня обычной обязанностью именно продавца является убедиться, что товар не может навредить покупателю.

8) Именно по общему правилу автор произведения является первым собственником на него.

9) За последние четыре столетия именно суды определили меру своей власти.

Exercise 1. Read the text below and choose the word which best fits each space.

1. Rules
2. deals
3. concerns
4. Citizens
5. Disputes
6. Relations
7. Legal
8. Issues
9. relationship

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences using the Active Vocabulary.

A.

1. A criminal case was initiated against him.
2. If an offense is committed, call the police.
3. A security camera was installed to prevent people from stealing (to keep people from stealing).
4. Our country has concluded a very important international treaty.
5. There are two parties in civil proceedings: the plaintiff and the defendant.
6. The plaintiff starts a civil case.
7. The parties are obliged to comply with the contract.
8. Relations between private citizens and the state are governed by constitutional law.
9. A crime was committed yesterday.
10. A defendant is a party accused of a crime or tort.

B.

The unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom has evolved over the centuries. It is partly based on statute and case law, but mostly on tradition and constitutional convention. A constitutional custom is a widely accepted code of conduct which have become the norm. Since the British constitution is not written, it is quite flexible. It can be amended by an act of parliament so that it conforms to meet the needs of the state. This is the main difference between the constitution of the United Kingdom and the US Constitution. Because the US Constitution is written, it is less flexible (more inflexible) and can only be changed by special procedures. On the other hand, a written constitution is a document that provides for how the country should be governed. It guarantees the rights of citizens.

VII. Additional Materials Exercise

1. Read the text and insert the appropriate connectors.
2. Firstly
3. Secondly
4. Since
5. moreover
6. in addition
7. Finally

Exercise 2. Read what the lawyers say. They are talking about the work they do. Match the lawyer with the correct area of law.

1. Mary
2. Michael
3. Tom
4. Сory
5. Polly
6. Kayleigh
7. Sunitta
8. Jennifer
9. Alistair

EXERCISES Exercise 1. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Present Perfect.

1. Have never met
2. Has just gone
3. Have not seen
4. Have already posted
5. Has helped
6. Have been
7. Has taken
8. Have never studied
9. Have sold, have not left

Exercise 2. Ответьте на вопросы. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в форму Present Perfect.

1. Yes, she has cleaed her rooms.
2. Yes, mother has cooked our dinner.
3. Yes, she has leanrt the poem by heart.
4. I have used this sort of pencil.
5. Yes, he has eaten the cake.
6. Yes, I have found your gloves on the table.
7. Yes, Bobby has washed face clean.
8. Yes, I have heard these songs.

Exercise 3. Вы говорите с другом о событиях в вашей семье. Составьте предложения согласно модели.

1. My father has got a new job in South Africa.
2. He and Mother have left for Cape Town.
3. Mary has married an architect from Canada.
4. I have passed my law exams.
5. I have met the right man.

 

Exercise 4. Прочтите ситуацию и напишите подходящее предложение. Используйте глаголы в скобках.

1. He has overslept.
2. Bread has run out.
3. He has cought a bad cold.
4. They have switched their VCR off.

Exercise 5. Ответьте на вопросы используя, just и слова в скобках.

1. Yes, she has just come from the market.
2. Yes, I have just phoned him.
3. No thanks, I have just had a cup.

Exercise 6. Вставьте been или gone и переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Where have you spent your holidays? – I’ve been to Italy.
2. Are you going to the shops? – No, I’ve just gone to the shops.
3. Is Alex home? – No, he’s gone to the park.
4. Are they both out? – Yes, they’ve both gone to the market.

 

1. Где вы провели отпуск? — Я был в Италии.
2. Ты идешь в магазины? – Нет, я только что ходил по магазинам.
3. Алекс дома? – Нет, он ушел в парк.
4. Они оба вышли? – Да, они оба пошли на рынок.

 

Exercise 7. Составьте предложения, используя already и yet.

1. I have already had a bath.
2. I haven’t bought some newspapers yet.
3. I have already asked Jim.
4. I haven’t invited them yet.
5. The manager has already
6. She hasn’t written to Dad yet.

Exercise 8. Составьте вопросы по модели, используя слова в скобках.

1. Have you ever been to Scotland?
2. Have your parents lived here all their lives?
3. Have you heard this concert?
4. How many times have you been married?
5. Have you ever met the President?
6. Have you ever visited the White House?

Exercise 9. Дополните ответы на вопросы, используя глаголы в скобках.

1. Yes, it is the fastest car I have ever driven.
2. Yes, it is the warmest coat I have ever had.
3. Yes, they are the nicest people I have ever met.

Exercise 10. Задайте вопросы, используя данные слова.

1. Have you read any books recently?
2. Have you heard from Tom in the past few days?
3. Have you bought any new records recently?
4. Have you eaten anything today?
5. Have you seen any good films recently?
6. Has it snowed here this year yet?

Exercise 11. Переведите вопросы и ответы на английский язык.

1. When was the last time it rained? — There has been no rain for ages.
2. When did they visit you for the last time? They haven’t visited us since June.
3. When was the last time you played tennis? I haven’t played tennis for a long time.
4. When was the last time you ate a coconut? I have never eaten a coconut.
5. When was the last time you drove a car? I haven’t driven a car for six months.
6. When was the last time you went to Canada? “I have never traveled to Canada.
7. When did she write to you for the last time? She hasn’t written since last summer.

 

Exercise 12. Переведите на английский, используя Present Perfect Tense.

1. They have built a new house. Have you seen it?
2. Have you shown your picture to your mother? No, it hasn’t been ready yet.
3. I have watched this movie. And you? – Yes, I have. This is an interesting movie.
4. Have you been to the London Zoo? – Yes, I have.
5. Father has just returned from the sea.
6. Take these magazines. I have already read them.
7. Have you ever been to Greece? Yes, I have. It is a very beautiful country.
8. We haven’t done the experience yet.
9. She has never translated such difficult articles.
10. I have called him three times today.