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Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships. Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general car-go ship in break-bulk, packed in containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers.

Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities aboard and in the ports they visit.

Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks. Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and ice breakers.

Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity. Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels. Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels.

Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel engine. Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use pump jet engines or sometimes gas turbine engines.

Типы торговых судов

(Часть II)

Коммерческие суда и торговые суда можно разделить на три большие категории: грузовые суда, пассажирские суда и суда специального назначения. Грузовые суда перевозят сухие и наливные грузы. Сухие грузы могут перевозиться навалом на балкерах, упаковываться непосредственно на обычное автомобильное судно навалом, упаковываться в контейнеры, как на борту контейнеровоза, или перевозиться на борту, как на судах для катания на роликах. Наливные грузы обычно перевозятся навалом на борту танкеров, таких как нефтеналивные танкеры, танкеры-химовозы и танкеры для СПГ, хотя более мелкие грузы могут перевозиться на контейнеровозах в танк-контейнерах.

Размер пассажирских судов варьируется от небольших речных паромов до гигантских круизных лайнеров. К этому типу судов относятся паромы, которые перевозят пассажиров и транспортные средства в короткие рейсы; океанские лайнеры, перевозящие пассажиров в одном направлении; и круизные лайнеры, которые обычно перевозят пассажиров в рейсах туда и обратно, способствуя проведению досуга на борту и в портах, которые они посещают.

Суда специального назначения не используются для перевозки, а предназначены для выполнения других специфических задач. Примеры включают буксиры, лоцманские катера, спасательные шлюпки, кабельные суда, исследовательские суда, исследовательские суда и ледоколы.

Большинство коммерческих судов имеют полные формы корпуса для максимальной грузоподъемности. Корпуса обычно изготавливаются из стали, хотя алюминий может использоваться на более быстрых судах, а стекловолокно — на самых маленьких служебных судах. Коммерческие суда обычно имеют экипаж во главе с капитаном, а на более крупных судах — палубные офицеры и морские инженеры. Суда специального назначения при необходимости часто имеют специализированный экипаж, например ученые на борту исследовательских судов.

Коммерческие суда обычно приводятся в движение одним гребным винтом и дизельным двигателем. Суда, которые работают на более высоком конце диапазона скоростей, могут использовать насосные реактивные двигатели или иногда газотурбинные двигатели.

Exercises

Read and translate the text.

Give the Russian equivalents for the following expressions:

Commercial vessels, merchant ships, cargo ships, passenger ships, special-purpose ships, dry and liquid cargo, bulk carriers, aboard a container ship, driven aboard, roll-on roll-off ships, liquid cargo, oil tankers, chemical tankers, tank containers, range in size, river ferries, giant cruise ships, ocean liners, one-way trips, round-trip voyages, specific (asks, tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, ice-breakers, full hull-form, service vessels, deck officers, marine engineers, specialized crew, driven by a diesel engine, pump-jet engines, gas turbine engines.

Коммерческие суда, торговые суда, грузовые суда, пассажирские суда, суда специального назначения, сухие и жидкие грузы, балкеры, на борту контейнеровоза, с приводом на борт, самоходные суда, наливные грузы, нефтеналивные танкеры, химические танкеры, танк-контейнеры, диапазон размеров, речные паромы, гигантские круизные лайнеры, океанские лайнеры, поездки в одну сторону, рейсы туда и обратно, специфические запросы, буксиры, лоцманские катера, спасательные лодки, кабельные суда, исследовательские суда, исследовательские суда, ледоколы, полная форма корпуса, служебные суда, палубные офицеры, морские инженеры, специализированный экипаж, с приводом от дизельного двигателя, насосно-реактивные двигатели, газотурбинные двигатели.

Are these sentences true or false? Prove your answer with the help of the text.

Merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories. True. Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.

Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. True. Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo.

Oil, chemicals and LNG are liquid cargo. True. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers.

Liquid cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers. True. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers.

Passenger ships are always cruise ships. False. Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities aboard and in the ports they visit.

Special-purpose vessels are designed to transport passengers. False. Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks.

Hulls are usually made of wood. False. Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.

Vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain (master). True. Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels.

Commercial vessels can be driven by a gas turbine engines only. False. Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use pump jet engines or sometimes gas turbine engines.

Special-purpose vessels have specialized crew if necessary. True. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels.

Answer the following questions:

What broad categories can merchant ships be divided into? Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.

What kind of cargo do cargo ships transport? Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo.

In which way can dry cargo be transported? Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general car-go ship in break-bulk, packed in containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships.

How is liquid cargo usually carried? Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers, chemical tankers and LNG tankers, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers.

How can we range passenger ships? Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships.

What types of vessels do passenger ships include? This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers on one-way trips; and cruise ships, which typically transport passengers on round-trip voyages promoting leisure activities aboard and in the ports they visit.

How can special-purpose ships be used? Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks.

What type of special-purpose ships do you know? Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and ice breakers.

What are hulls of commercial vessels made of? Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.

What kinds of engines can commercial vessels be powered by? Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel engine.

Ask the questions to the underlined words in these sentences:

What ships transport dry and liquid cargo?

By what can dry cargo be transported?

What do passenger ships include?

On what trips do ocean liners carry passengers?

What activities do cruise ships promote?

What are special-purpose vessels designed for?

What vessels include tugboats, pilot boats and other ships?

What do most commercial vessels have to maximize cargo capacity?

What are hulls usually made of?

What crew do special-purpose vessels often have?

Translate the following sentences into English:

Коммерческие суда можно разделить на три основные категории.

Грузовые суда перевозят сухие и жидкие грузы.

Сухой груз перевозится рассортированным в партиях.

Танкеры перевозят нефтепродукты, химикаты и сжиженные природные газы.

Типы пассажирских судов определяются по их размеру от небольших речных прогулочных катеров до круизных лайнеров.

Специализированные суда делятся на буксиры, лоцманские катера, спасательные катера, кабельные суда, исследовательско-географические суда, промерные суда и ледоколы.

Корпуса судов обычно сделаны из стали.

Корпуса скоростных судов обычно сделаны из алюминия.

Во главе экипажа судна стоит капитан.

При необходимости на специализированных судах существует специальный экипаж, например, ученые на исследовательско-географическом судне.

Commercial ships can be divided into three main categories.

Cargo ships carry dry and liquid cargo.

Dry cargo is transported sorted in batches.

Tankers carry petroleum products, chemicals and liquefied natural gases.

The types of passenger ships are defined by their size, from small river pleasure boats to cruise liners.

Specialized vessels are divided into tugs, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable vessels, geographic research vessels, sounding vessels and icebreakers.

The hulls of ships are usually made of steel.

The hulls of high-speed vessels are usually made of aluminum.

The captain is at the head of the ship’s crew.

If necessary, there is a dedicated crew on specialized ships, for example, scientists on a research geographic vessel.

Retell the text.

Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships. Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general car-go ship in break-bulk, packed in containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships.

Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to giant cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners; and cruise ships. Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but are designed to perform other specific tasks.

Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels.

Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel engine. Vessels which operate at the higher end of the speed spectrum may use pump jet engines or sometimes gas turbine engines.