Необходимая лексика для ответов на вопросы

House to live, in the city, town, villаgе, country, address, street, house, flat, block of flats, оn the ground floor, оn the first floor, lift, stairs, upstairs, downstairs, hаll, corridor, living ­room, dining-room, bedroom, children’s room, kitchen, bathroom, balcony, gas, electricity, hot water, to turn оn(off), to put out the light room, bed, wardrobe, mirror, carpet, floor, wall, corner, door, window, curtain, table, sideboard, chair, armchair, sofa, picture, vase, lamp, radio, video, ТV set, record-player, computer, telephone, cupboard, refrigerator, yard, garden, flower bed, kitchen-garden, garage;

Family family (large, small) (four) people in the family, father, mother, parents, grandfather, grandmother, grandparents, daughter, son, (elder) brother, (younger) sister, husband, wife, baby, aunt, uncle, child, relative, 14 years old; grown­up; to look after, to bring up’ the children, to work (at the оffiсе, at the factory, оn the farm), to work as (а doctor, engineer, teacher), housewife, pensioner, to go to school (college, university, institute), to have friends, to invite to, to have а party, to congratulate, а job, to be at work (at school), to work hard, to take care of, to do one’s best to love, to be hаppу;

My Day clean one’s teeth, to wash one’s face and hands with cold water, to dry oneself, to have а bath, to take а shower, to do one’s hair, to go to school, to have lessons, to соmе back home from. school, to cook, prepare breakfast (dinner, supper), to do homework, to wash up, to wash the dishes, to lay the table, to do the room, to dust, clean the things, to do the housework, to help about the house;

My City is situated; large city; is big (small, new); there аге several districts; Town Наll (District administration); industrial; factories, offices; modern; monuments, hospitals, post-offices, museums, palaces, shops, libraries; theatres, cinemas, concert-halls, flower gardens (parks, squares, stadiums); not far from, а district (region) centre; а railway station (underground station), а sea (river) port, by bus (tram, trolley-bus), the name of the village is; countryside, cottage, cattle-farm; pig-farm; tractors, agricultural machines, to help to gather the harvest (to pick up fruit), to work in the kitchen-garden;

to learn to become combine-operators (lorry-drivers); to go ‘ to the villаgе club,tercentinary, double-headed eagle, state emblem, coat of arms, a founder, a siege(blockade), to last, fireworks,

Rest. Entertainment to be (go) on holiday; а month’s holiday, to go to the country for one’s holidays; to spend one’s holidays in the country (at the seaside), to camp out, to put up а tent, to have а camp-fire (а picnic), to sleep in the ореn, to go on an excursion, to have а party; to go to the picture gallery, museum of Fine arts, work of art, artist, painter, to draw (paint), drawing (painting), to collect, collection; to go to the theatre (cinema; concert, circus); actor, actress; to play the part of, talented, famous; popular singer, music, pop-group, to play аn instrument (the piano, the guitar), classical music, jazz; ореrа, tragedy, comedy, theatre-goer, spectator, bill, box-office, to buy а ticket, stage, orchestra, box, audience, to applaud, applause, to sее the film (the pictures), to listen to the orchestra, to go to the disco, to dance, rock-n-roll, to take part. in the concert, to enjoy; to listen to the radio, to speak оn the radio, to hear it оn (over) the radio, to watch TV, television (telly), to see the match on TV, the first( (educational) program;

What’s оn today? Тhе film is оn for а week. I enjoyed every minute оf it.

Travelling to travel, traveling, to travel, (go) by train (boat, plane, car, bus), to take the train to, fast (slow) train, carriage, compartment, platform, to buy (book) tickets, booking-office, to make а trip (by train), to go on а trip, to go on а journey, to make а (train) journey, to travel for pleasure, to go sightseeing, to leave for, to arrive at, to stop at, to change trains at, , to catch (miss) the train, the railway station, to go on а hike, to take part in hikes, to go for а drive,    to take а taxi, to park а car, parking;

There’s а train to Tula at 8.10. The next train goes at 9.20. The train leaves Moscow at 19:00. For how long do we stop here? The train is 10 minutes late. It gets to Tula at 12:00. How long does it take to get to Tula? Can уou give me a lift?

Advertising The general goal of advertising is to increase sales, either immediately or in the future, and to do so profitably. Hence the function of advertising is to inform customers of goods or services and influence people’s behavior.

Goals of advertising are not limited to trying to influ­ence customers; the process of motivating employees and distributors may be fully as important. The impact of company advertising on its employees and particularly its sales force is not always recognized, but can be а very positive effect as they can see that the company is supporting their efforts, and this generally makes their selling job easier.

So, if advertising efforts are to be effectively planned, directed, and evaluated, more specific goals should be estab­lished, such as:

— Build morale of а company sales force.

— Announce а special reason for «buying now» (e.g., reduced prices, premiums, limited quantities).

— Reach people inaccessible to salespeople, such as top business executives and professional people.

— Enter а new geographic market or attract а new group of customers.

— Build familiarity and easy recognition of package or trademark.

— Correct false impressions, misinformation, and other obstacles to sales. Introduce а new product or а new price schedule. . Build goodwill for the company and improve its reputa­tion.

There is а number of regulations that control the content of advertisements and firms are required to follow the British Code of Advertising Practice. Some important extracts from this code are:

All advertisements should be legal, decent, honest and truthful.

All advertisements should be prepared with а sense of responsibility to the consumer.

З. All advertisements should conform to the principles of fair competition as generally accepted in business.

No advertisement should bring advertising into disre­pute or reduce confidence in advertising as а service to indus­try and to the public.

Internet the pros: e-mail, instant messaging, chat rooms, newsgroups, e- commerce (Internet banking, travel booking, ability to send files, fun of just browsing and surfing the web, ability to transmit grsphic images and sound files.

The cons: charges can be high for heavy users, downloading and uploading times can be slow, spam can be annoying, cookies track your activities on the web, many sites contain pornography and other offensive material, viruses.

Вопросы к экзамену по английскому языку

What are you? I am a student.

Who are you? I am a student.

What is your name? My name is Oleg.

What is your second name? My second name is Petrov.

When were you born? (date, year) I was born on April, 21^st.

Where are you from? (Some words about your city). I was born I Perm. It is a beautiful city.

Where do you live? (address). I live at 45 Green Street.

Who does your family consists of? My family consists of my mother, my father, my sister and me.

Do you live in a five-storey building? Yes, I do.

How many rooms are there in your flat? There are 2 rooms in my flat.

What floor is your flat on? My flat is on the second floor.

Is there a lift in your house you live in? Yes, there is.

What are you interested in? I am interested in English and music.

How do you spend your free time? I like to listen to music and visit my friends.

What do you usually do at weekends? I sleep, I read interesting boks and play computer games.

What kind of music do you prefer? Why? I prefer calm music, because it help me to relax.

Where do you have lunch? I have lunch in our student canteen.

What do you usually have for lunch? I eat different things, most times they are healthy, but at other times it will be a little unhealthy. Most days it will be sandwiches, salads, or I will fill up a bread roll with salad things like lettuce rolls.

Why is it difficult to gather the whole family for dinner on week-days? It is difficult to gather the whole family for dinner on week-days because everyone has its own interests.

How many meals a day do people have? People have 3 meals a day.

What does your first meal (course) consist of? My first meal consists of tea and a sandwich.

What does your second meal (course) consist of? My second meal consists of soup, porridge, meat, coffee, and buns.

What does traditional English tea differ from Russian one? Afternoon teais a light meal typically eaten between 4 pm and 6 pm.raditionally, loose tea is brewed in a teapot and served with milk and sugar.

When was St. Petersburg founded? Saint Petersburg was founded byTsarPeter the Great on May 27 1703.

Who founded St. Petersburg? TsarPeter the Great founded it.

What is the main street of St. P.? Nevsky Prospect is themain streetin the city of St. Petersburg.

What is the main river of St. P.? Neva is the main river.

What is the length of the main river of St. P.? The length is 74 km.

What is the population of St. P.? The population is 4,661,219.

What St. P.’ theatres do you know? What is your favorite one? I know «St. Petersburg Opera» Chamber Music Theatre, «Yubileiny» Sports Palace, Baltic House Theatre, Comedian’s Refuge Drama Theatre. My favourite theatre is Comedian’s Refuge Drama Theatre.

How did you celebrate the tercentenary of St. P.? I visited many events devoted to this date.

How did St. P. celebrate the 300^th anniversary? There were many people, many foreigners. The lavish celebrations of the 300th anniversary of Russian city of St Petersburg, celebrated while several world leaders and President Bush visited with President Putin before their G8 Summit in France.
The festivities marking St. Petersburg’s tricentennial centered on the city itself on Tuesday, officially commemorating the day in 1703 when Peter the Great laid the cornerstone of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the event that started it all.
The day began somberly with church services at the St. Isaac’s and Kazan cathedrals and a wreath-laying ceremony at the Bronze Horseman — the statue of Peter on Ploshchad Dekabristov. Other official events, attended by Governor Vladimir Yakovlev, included a parade of military cadets, the opening of a new entrance to the State Hermitage Museum and an evening concert to inaugurate one of the few functional gifts to the city from other cities, regions and countries to mark the occasion: A Steinway piano, presented to the St. Petersburg Philharmonic by the sister city of Hamburg.

33.Why is St. P. called the Northern Venice? Like Venice, this city is divided up among numerous islands; due to the activities of town-planners who continue trying to keep to a minimum the canals of the Neva which hamper city life, the number of islands is being reduced.

When was St. P. the capital of Russia? Between 1713–1728 and 1732–1918,Saint Petersburgwas the imperial capital of Russia.

What happened with the city during the 2WW? The city during the 2WW was destroyed.

What Russian lakes are famous for?(Lake Ladoga, Lake Baikal). Lake Baikal (Russia) is the deepest lake of the world.One of the biggest and most ancient lakes of world is situated nearly in the center of Asia in a huge stone bowl set 445 m above sea level. Everyone who has been to its shores is impressed and charmed by the grandeur, size, and unusual might of this Siberian miracle of nature. Other important lakes in Russia are Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga.

What can you say about the siege of Leningrad? TheSiege of Leningrad, also known as theLeningrad Blockade was a prolonged military operation undertaken by the German Army Group North against Leningrad—historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg—in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II. The siege started on 8 September 1941, when the last road to the city was severed. Although the Soviets managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the siege was finally lifted on 27 January 1944, 872 days after it began. It was one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and overwhelmingly the most costly in terms of casualties.

What are the memorials dedicated to the blockade of Leningrad?(2WW). There is a Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad. This powerful and impressive monument was built as the focal point of Ploshchad Pobedy (Victory Square) in the early 1970s to commemorate the heroic efforts of the residents of Leningrad and the soldiers on the Leningrad Front to the repel the Nazis in the 900-day Siege of Leningradduring World War II.

What is the state emblem of Russia now? The state emblem is a two-headed eagle.

What was the state emblem of Soviet Union? The state emblem was Red five-pointed starwith golden border.

What century was London founded? London has a history dating back over 2,000 years.

Who founded the city of London? At some time between 180 and 225 AD the Romansbuiltthe defensive London Wall around the landward side of the city.

Which museums do you know in London? I know Science Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern. Have you ever been to London? I haven’t ever been to London.

What is famous for each district in the city? (The East, West, North, South of London). The City is the business and commercial heart of Lon-don. Many banks, offices and firms are concentrated the-re. The Tower and St. Paul’s Cathedral are in the centre. The Tower is about 900 years old. Many years ago it was a royal residence, then a prison. Now it is a museum. St. Paul’s Cathedral is very large and fine. It was completed in 1710. The famous English architect Christopher Wren planned and built St. Paul’s Cathedral.

If the City is the business part of London, Westminster is the centre of administration. We can see the Houses of Parliament there. It is a beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. The Houses of Parliament stand in Parliament Square. Westminster Abbey is opposite the Houses of Parliament. Many great Englishmen were buried in Westminster Abbey. To the west of Westminster Abbey you can see Buckingham Pa-lace. It is a royal residence. The ceremony of the changing of the guards which takes place in front of Bucking-ham Palace is of great interest to the tourists.

Rich people live in the West End. The best and most expensive clubs, restaurants and theatres, beautiful houses and parks are there.

The East End — the district of plants, factories, slums and docks — is for the working people. London is unlike any other city in the world. It has rather wide streets but low houses. It looks very grey because there is so much rain and fog there. Only buses and pillar-boxes are red. This city has never been planned and it has many parts which are different from each other.

Why do you think that higher education is so important in our life? Higher education is so important in our life because it helps us to find a good job.

How long is compulsory education in Russia? Compulsory education in Russia is 9 years.

When do Russian children start their education in Russia? Russian children start their education in Russia at 6 or 7 years of age.

What famous British Universities do you know? Cambridge and Oxford are famous British universities.

What is the main difference between Russian and English education at school? In Britain all children from 5 to 16 go to school. There are state schools, which are free and private schools, for which parents pay. Many British private schools are «boarding» schools. The children stay at school during all term and only come home on the holidays.  They usually wear uniforms.  All state schools in Britain provide their pupils with books and equipment for their students in contrast to Russia. 9 million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery school or a pre-school play group to prepare them for the start of compulsory education.  Children start primary school at 5 and continue for 6 years until they are 11. M Most children are taught together, boys and girls in the same class.  At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensives.

Do you know any other languages? Yes, I do. I know French.

Is it important to learn foreign languages? Why? Yes, it is. It helps us to communicate with other people.

Is English popular in Russia? Yes, it is.

What spheres is English important in? English is important in computers, business.

Could you describe typical Russian image? (appearance, character, example). They are not very tall, blue-eyed, generous. The example is Nikita Mihalkov.

Is there a problem of smoking in Russia now? Yes, there is.

What is the reason of smoking? The reason of smoking is to relax.

Do you go in for sports? What? Yes, I do. I go in for football.

What sports are popular in Russia? Football and tennis are popular in Russia.

What sports are popular in Great Britain? Rugby, football, squash are popular.

What is the difference between professional and amateur sports? The difference is in the length of occupation.

What sports are typically British? Soccer and football are typically British.

What holidays does your family celebrate? My family celebrates Christmas an New Year.

What is your favourite holiday? Why? Christmas is my favourite holiday because I like to get presents.

What new holidays appeared in our life during last years? It is the Day of Unity of people.

Do you prefer to eat out or to be at home on holidays? I prefer to eat out.

What does the word “ecology” mean? Ecology means our nature where we live in.

What can you say about the present ecological situation? The present ecological situation is bad. People should protect nature.

What pollutes the Nature? Human activities that result in air pollution include: Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities, burning Fossil Fuels, household and Farming Chemicals.

What are the main ecological problems? Among the most urgent problems are the ozone layer, acid rains, global warming, toxic pollution of atmosphere, disappearance of forests, contamination of underground waters by chemical elements, destruction of soil in some areas, threat to some flora and fauna representatives, etc.

One of the most important pollution problems is the oceans. Many ships sail in the ocean water- fishing ships, some ships carrying people, some carrying oil. If a ship loses some of the oil in the water, or waste from the ships in put into the ocean, the water becomes dirty. Many sea birds die because of the polluted water. Many fish are dying in the sea, others are getting contaminated. Fishermen catch contaminated fish which may be sold in markets, and people may get sick from eating them. Lakes and rivers are becoming polluted, too. Some beaches are dangerous for swimming.

Another important problem is air pollution. Cars and factories pollute the air we use. Their fume also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Aerosols create large “holes” in the ozone layer round the Earth. Burning coal and oil leads to global warming which may bring about a change in the world’s climate.

The other problem is that our forests are dying from acid rains. Deforestation, especially destruction of tropical forests, affects the balance of nature in many ways. It kills animals, changes the climate and ecosystem in the world.
70. What measures should be taken to protect the Nature?  People should protect nature.

Must we recycle some things not to damage the Nature or not? (What are they?)Yes, we must. It is paper, bottles.

What do we pollute using electricity and hot water? We pollute forests, ground and air.

What do you know about ecological problems in our country? There are many ecological problems in our country, for example, pollution of air and burning forests.

Does the human society need the Internet? Yes, it does.

What are the advantages of the Internet? We get information easier and faster.

What are the disadvantages of the Internet? It can cause many illnesses.

Is the Internet useful for school education? Why? Yes, it is. It helps pupils to get information.

Is the Internet useful for high education? Why? Yes, it is. It helps student to communicate with each other.

What are the advantages of Internet educational programs? Online schooling is a popular alternative to attending a brick-and-mortar college or university. Though online students don’t get the face-to-face experiences of a typical on-campus student, there are many benefits and advantages to online learning, also known as distance learning or e-learning.

While not every program or school imaginable has an online option, a large number of them do, and many programs are nationally or regionally accredited. Students can learn through online lectures, projects and discussions. Online degree programs are available at every level, from certificates to doctorates.

What are the disadvantages of Internet educational programs?

Lack of social interaction. If the classroom environment is what you love most about learning you may want to take a step back and reconsider distance learning. You’ll likely get some interaction on chat rooms, discussion boards and through email, but the experience will be quite different than traditional courses.

Format isn’t ideal for all learners. Not everyone is an ideal candidate for online learning. If you know you have problems with motivation, procrastination and needs lots of individual attention from an instructor you may want to think long and hard before enrolling in an online learning program.

Some employers don’t accept online degrees. While a majority of employers will, there are some who still see a stigma attached to distance learning. Realize that your online degree may not be the ideal tool for some job fields or for future learning.

Does advertising irritate you or not? Why? No, it doesn’t. I helps me to get know about new products on market.

What does the word “advertising” mean? In Latin,ad verteremeans «to turn toward».^[4] The purpose of advertising may also be to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful.

83. What kind of advertising do you know? I know Television, Magazine, Radio, Direct mail, catalogues and leaflets, newspapers, online.

What are the advantages of advertising? We get information about new products.

What are the disadvantages of advertising? Sometimes it can be obsessive.

Основные темы для экзамена

About myself (my working day, my life at school, my family, my friends, my interests, hobby, my life in the University)

Let me introduce myself. My name is Igor. I’m nineteen years old. I study at university. My working day begins at 7 o’clock. I’m tall, slender, dark-haired boy with blue eyes. I have a brother and a sister. My elder brother Sergey is twenty, he studies at the University, and he will be a lawyer. My younger sister Olga is ten, she studies at school. My Mum is forty-two, she is a Spanish teacher. My Dad is forty-five, he is a computer programmer. My grandparents are already retired. My Grandma likes gardening, and Grandpa likes fishing. They live in our city and visit us at weekends.

I have many friends. We spend a lot of time together. We play football, volleyball, basketball. In summer we like swimming in river and lakes. Besides university, I go in for sports. I play tennis. It’s exciting game, and I like it very much. Sometimes I take part in different tennis competition.

Stress. Sport. How to be fit?

The fitness boom of the past decades led to a big rise in the numbers of people participating in sports and other physical activities. A healthy body becomes a fashion, an ideal of the life of today.  Those who pursue the latest fitness fashion are convinced that staying in good physical form requires much more than regular exercise and balanced meals. For anyone who really wants to be healthy, fitness has become an integral part of their lives. There are many opportunities for keeping fit. First of all, it is necessary to do exercises. People of different ages can design exercises that will fit them. Running, jumping, swimming, bending and stretching are among the most popular exercises. Many people prefer jogging, which is the cheapest and the most accessible sport. Walking is a very popular activity too. Even moderate physical activity can protect against heart disease and strokes as well as improve general health and the quality of life. Everyone can benefit from being a little more active. Making small changes like using the stairs instead of the lift or walking or cycling instead of taking the bus can help people live a more active, healthier and enjoyable life. As for me I like sport. I walk every day. Every week end we travel much. I should say that sport makes me fit. I recommend everyone to do sport.

 

St. Petersburg (historical background, sightseeing in St. Petersburg)

Sankt Petersburg (population nearly 5 million), formerly Leningrad, is Russia’s second largest city.  Only Moscow, the capital, has more people.  St. Petersburg is a major Russian port and one of the world’s leading industrial and cultural centres. The city lies in north-western Russia, at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The city has had three names. Czar Peter I (the Great) founded it in 1703 as St. Petersburg.  After Russia went to war against Germany in 1914, at the start of World War I, the name was changed to Petrograd. The country’s officials chose this name, which means Peter’s City in Russian, to get rid of the German ending burg. In 1922, the Soviet Union was formed under the leadership of Russia. In 1924, the Soviet Unions Communist government renamed the city in honour of V. I. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1991 — as Communist influence in the Soviet Union declined — the people of the city voted in a nonbinding referendum to restore the name St. Petersburg. In September 1991, the Soviet government officially approved the name change. In December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved, and Russia became an independent nation. The centre of St. Petersburg is on the southern bank of the Neva. This area includes the main business district and most of St. Petersburg’s famous buildings. The historic Winter Palace (now the Hermitage Museum)» completed in 1762, stands in the centre of the city.  The Peter and Paul Fortress, begun in 1703, is the oldest building in St. Petersburg. Many Russian czars are buried in a cathedral at the fortress. The centre of St. Petersburg is surrounded by old residential areas that have stone or brick apartment buildings.  Near the outskirts of the city there are thousands of modern concrete apartment buildings.  The western section of St. Petersburg is the chief industrial district of the city. Several luxurious palaces built in the 1700 s still stand in three suburbs of St. Petersburg—Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, and Pushkin.  These palaces, famed for their architectural excellence, were summer homes of the czars. Today, they are popular resorts and tourist attractions.

London (historical background, sightseeing in London)

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre.  It’s one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than 9 million people. London is situated on the river Thames. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. London is an ancient city. It appeared at the place where the Roman invaders decided to build a bridge over the Thames.  There are four parts in London: West End, East End, the City and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre.  There are many offices, companies and banks in this part of the capital.  The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange.  The Tower of London and St Paul’s Cathedral are situated in the City Westminster is also important part of the capital.  It’s the administrative centre of London.  The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there.  Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey where kings and queens have been crowned and many famous people were buried. The Houses of Parliament are often referred to as the Palace of Westminster. The Towers of the Houses of Parliament stand high above the city.  On the highest tower there is the largest clock in the country, Big Ben.  Big Ben strikes every quarter of an hour. To the west of Westminster is West End, the richest part of London.  It is full of luxury hotels, super-markets, cinemas and concert-halls.  In the centre of the West End the Trafalgar Square is situated with the famous statue of Lord Nelson.

The Second world war

During the first year of World War II, Germany won a series of swift victories. He won Poland, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, and France.  Germany then attempted to bomb Britain into surrendering. It failed.  The invasion of Poland.  After Hitler seized Czechoslovakia, he began demanding territory from Poland.  Great Britain and France pledged. He wanted to help Poland if Germany attacked it.  Yet the two powers could aid Poland only by invading Germany, a step that neither chose to take.  Britain had only a small army.  France had prepared to defend its territory, not to attack.  Great Britain and France hoped that the Soviet Union would help defend Poland.  But Hitler and Stalin shocked the world by becoming allies.  On Aug. 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact. They agreed not to go to war against each other. They secretly decided to divide Poland between themselves.

My future profession

There are a lot of interesting and useful professions. I am going to become a teacher. I think it is an ideal profession. I suppose my future profession to be one of the most important nowadays. My future specialty is English (Literature, Russian, History, Geography).  I love children very much. To become a teacher has been my dream since my early childhood. To teach and to bring up children is the most important and noble thing, to my mind.  I am eager to get the proper education. I should do my best to teach my future pupils my favourite subject.  I’ll try not only to help them to master it. I’ll try to help them to become good and clever people, to be honest, kind and noble. Children are our future. I want them to be really good and educated people.  Of course, the profession of a teacher is not an easy one  It demands a lot of knowledge, a lot of tenderness of feeling and sometimes a lot of patience.  But I hope, that I’ll be a good teacher. My pupils will like me and my subject.

Learning foreign languages

Foreign languages are absolutely necessary for people nowadays, because of our growing international contacts with foreign countries. There are many reasons, why we begin to study foreign languages.  One studies a foreign language to be able to communicate with other people who speak this language, other study it for future career. If we are planning to travel to countries where the language we can speak is spoken. We can communicate with people there and understand what they are saying to us. If we are working in any branch of science, we naturally wish to read scientific books and magazines in other languages to raise our professional level.  Making business nowadays also means the ability of speaking foreign languages. The ability of speaking one or two or even more foreign languages helps people from different countries to develop mutual friendship and understanding.  We can also make our intellectual and cultural horizons wider. It is through contacts with people of another culture. It is also very interesting to read foreign literature in its original form.  We can also read foreign newspapers and magazines and understand films in foreign languages without any help and translation. As for me I learn English, because English is a very popular language all over the world. It is used in many parts of the world and there is a lot of business correspondence and literature in English. Also I am going to learn Spanish. It is also a widely spread language. I think, it is very important to speak at least one foreign language either English or German or French and Spanish or any other one. There is a saying: the more languages you speak, the more times you are a human being.

 

The present ecological situation in the world, in Russia.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life.  For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited.  But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today.  The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances.  Vast forests are cut and burn in fire.  Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance.  As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises. The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986.  About 18 percent of the territory of Belarus were also polluted with radioactive substances.  A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people’s health.  The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelorussian and other nations. Environmental protection is of a universal concern.  That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken. Some progress has been already made in this direction.  As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set up environmental protection agencies.  Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal.  The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment. But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

 

Advertising There are different types of the advertisement. For example we can divide the advertisements by its purpose. There are commercial advertisement and social advertisement. By-turn the commercial advertisement may represent a new product of a firm. The purpose is to sell this product. The advertisement may represent the company itself to make its own style and to be recognized among the consumers. Another division of the types of the advertisement is by its means.  I mean, there are TV and radio advertisement, advertisement in newspapers, magazines and in internet and advertisement on posters in the street and in transport.  All these types are successful, there are a lot of people, who watch TV, listen to the radio and read the advertisements in transport. Further the advertisement itself is the business and this business is very profitable.  A lot of radio-stations, tv-programs and especially internet-sites are living at the coast of the advertisement. It is given by different firms to bring the information to the people, who use this or that resource for work, entertaining or simply information. To my mind the most influential advertisement is that on TV. Because only on TV the advertiser can use all the tools to make an attractive commercial.  There are a lot of people, who watch TV and they inevitably watch the advertisement. I think that our world is unimaginable without advertising.

 

The advantages and disadvantages of education in Russia and Great Britain

I’d like to tell you a few words about education in Britain and in Russia and I’d like to start with British education system.  In Britain all children from 5 to 16 go to school.  There are state schools, which are free and private schools, for which parents pay. Many British private schools are «boarding» schools.  The children stay at school during all term and only come home on the holidays.  They usually wear uniforms. All state schools in Britain provide their pupils with books and equipment for their students in contrast to Russia. 9 million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery school or a pre-school play group to prepare them for the start of compulsory education.  Children start primary school at 5 and continue for 6 years until they are 11. Most children are taught together, boys and girls in the same class.  At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensives.  90% of secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational, it means that boys and girls are tought together.  At 16 pupils take a national exam called «GCSE» and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education. Some 16 year-olds continue their studies in the 6-th form at school or at a 6-th form college.  This form prepares pupils for a national exam called «A» level at 18.  You need «A» levels to enter a university.

 

Different ways of traveling

Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling.  They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns. They travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It is always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life. I like to meet different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic restaurants.  City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lie in the sun. Most travelers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take pictures of everything that interests them. They are the sights of a city, old churches and castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests, different kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later, the photos will remind them of the happy time they once had. People travel by train, by plane, by boat, and by car.  All ways of travelling have their advantages and disadvantages.  And people choose one according to their plans and destinations. If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and newspapers and see pictures of them on TV.  The best way to study geography is to travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in their own homes.

 

The advantages and disadvantages of Internet in education

The internet can be both helpful and hindering to people of all ages.  For children, the internet provides a vast library of knowledge.   Students literally have the world at their fingertips.   Any topic can be researched at any time, day or night.   The internet also makes learning the textbook content more interesting by offering games and short videos. Students may watch and interact with.  For adults, it is still a wonderful resource for information about diseases, world news, parenting tips, and many other things.   Again, adults, like children, can research any topic at any time.   There are also games on the internet, as well as forums and groups, that cater to the interests of individuals.   Many adults choose to shop online instead of going to the mall or department stores.

The internet, however, can be harmful to children and adults in quite a few ways.   Online predators are always out preying on children who will give away their personal information.   Children may also «stumble» across sites that are inappropriate for them.   Some problems for adults that are caused by the internet are pornography. Others are caused by lack of real-life relationships, laziness, and gambling. As for me I use Internet every day. I think that it has more advantages than disadvantages.