&READING

Задание 1.   Прочтите текст и переведите письменно выделенный отрывок.

 

Еconomics can tell us the likely results of a sales tax. In addition, as a scientific discipline, economics provides extremely useful analytical tools and frameworks for understanding human behavior in the areas of getting and spending money, which (let’s face it) occupies the majority of most people’s waking hours.

Economics deals with fundamental, often life-or-death issues. That is why economics is important. Its challenge lies in its mysteries: We don’t know when the next expansion or recession will come. We don’t know if a federal tax cut will help the economy grow. We don’t know which new technologies should be encouraged and which ones won’t pan out (не преуспеют). And, tragically, we don’t know how to overcome poverty, hunger, crime, and other evils rooted in economic reality. But economics is the branch of the social sciences most concerned with these matters, and it is the one that’s well equipped to help us deal with them.

Economics provides a framework for understanding government policies, business developments, and consumer behavior here and abroad. It provides a rich context for making decisions in your business, professional, and financial life. The economy is to business as the ocean is to fish. It is the environment in which business operates. The more you know about this environment, the better you will function as a manager, analyst, and decision-maker.

Экономика изучает фундаментальные вопросы, часто касающиеся жизни или смерти. Вот почему экономика важна. Ее проблема заключается в ее загадках: мы не знаем, когда будет следующий рост или упадок. Мы не знаем, поможет ли снижение федерального налога экономике. Мы не знаем, какие новые технологии следует поддерживать, а какие не преуспеют. И, к сожалению, мы не знаем, как победить бедность, голод, преступность и другие пороки, связанные с экономической реальностью. Но экономика является отраслью социальных наук, которая больше всего внимания уделяет этим вопросам, и она хорошо оснащена, чтобы помочь нам разобраться с ними.

Экономика дает основу для понимания государственной политики, развития бизнеса и поведения потребителей тут и за рубежом. Она — основа для принятия решений в вашей деловой, профессиональной и финансовой жизни. Экономика для бизнеса, как океан для рыбы. Это среда, в которой работает бизнес. Чем больше вы знаете об этой среде, тем лучше вы будете работать на должности менеджера, аналитика и лица, принимающего решения.

Задание  2.  Выпишите и переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания.

 

Еconomics — экономика

sales tax – налог с продаж

analytical tools – аналитические инструменты

frameworks — рамки

spending money – трата денег

deals – имеет дело

life-or-death issues – вопросы жизни или смерти

pan out  -не преуспеть

poverty — бедность

hunger — голод

crime — преступление

economic reality – экономическая реальность

government policies – государственная политика

business developments – развитие бизнеса

consumer behavior  — поведение потребителей

a manager — менеджер

analyst — аналитик

decision-maker – принимающий решения

 

Задание 3. Соедините части предложений и переведите их письменно.

 

can predict the likely results of economic activity	можно прогнозировать вероятные результаты хозяйственной деятельности
provides context for making decision in your business, professional and financial life	предоставляет данные для принятия решений в вашей деловой, профессиональной и финансовой жизни
deals with fundamental, often life-to-death issues	имеет дело с фундаментальными, часто вопросами жизни или смерти
is well equipped to help us understand government policies, business development, and consumer behaviour	хорошо оснащена, чтобы помочь нам понять государственную политику, развитие бизнеса и поведение потребителей
is concerned with human behavior in the areas of getting and spending money	занимается изучением поведения людей в сфере получения и траты денег

 

Задание 4. Найдите эквиваленты и запишите их парами.

1. to provide the income

2. to satisfy people’s wants

3. to determine the type of economic system

4. to rely on the same tools and methods

5. to obey the central authority

6. to evaluate goods and services

7. to encourage to work hard

 

&READING

 Задание 5.   Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы.

 Karl Marx: It’s Exploitation!

 Karl Marx, a German economist and political scientist who lived from 1818 to 1883, looked at capitalism from a more pessimistic and revolutionary viewpoint. Where Adam Smith saw harmony and growth, Marx saw instability, struggle, and decline. Marx believed that once the capitalist (the guy with the money and the organizational skills to build a factory) has set up the means of production, all value is created by the labor involved in production. In Marx’s view, presented in his 1867 tome Das Kapital (Capital), a capitalist’s profits come from exploiting labor—that is, from underpaying workers for the value that they are actually creating. For this reason, Marx couldn’t abide the notion of a profit-oriented organization.

This situation of management exploiting labor is the main reason of the class struggle. Marx saw the class struggle at the heart of capitalism, and he predicted that that struggle would ultimately destroy capitalism. To Marx, class struggle intensifies over time. Ultimately, in Marx’s view, society moves to a two-class system of a few wealthy capitalists and a mass of underpaid, underprivileged workers.

Marx predicted the fall of capitalism and movement of society toward communism, in which “the people” (that is, the workers) own the means of production and thus have no need to exploit labor for profit. Clearly, Marx’s thinking had a tremendous impact on many societies, particularly on the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in the twentieth century.

While Marx’s theories have been discredited, they are fascinating and worth knowing. They also say something about weaknesses in capitalism.

1. Who is Karl Marx? Karl Marx, a German economist and political scientist.
2. What was Marx’s view at capital and capitalists? In Marx’s view, presented in his 1867 tome Das Kapital (Capital), a capitalist’s profits come from exploiting labor — that is, from underpaying workers for the value that they are actually creating.
3. How did Marx consider class struggle? Marx saw the class struggle at the heart of capitalism.
4. What was Marx’s prediction about development of the society? Marx predicted the fall of capitalism and movement of society toward communism, in which “the people” (that is, the workers) own the means of production and thus have no need to exploit labor for profit.
5. Why his theories are still studied by future economists? Clearly, Marx’s thinking had a tremendous impact on many societies, particularly on the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) in the twentieth century. While Marx’s theories have been discredited, they are fascinating and worth knowing. They also say something about weaknesses in capitalism.

 

Задание 6.   Подберите определения к словам из левой колонки.

 

1) corporation 2) unemployment       i 3) deficit     e 4) budget         g 5) debt             b 6) consumer      j 7) poverty          d 8) to claim              f 9) to devote              a 10) welfare     h

a)    give up (oneself, one’s time, energy etc.) b)    payment which must be paid to somebody c)    group of persons authorized to act as an individual d)    state of being poor e)    amount by which something is too small f)     demand recognition of the fact that one is or owns g)    similar estimate made by a business company h)    comfortable living and working condition i)      state of being unemployed j)      person who uses and buys goods

 

–GRAMMAR

 

Задание 7. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

 

1. When my grandfather was … young man, he studied … physics. 2. Do you speak … Spanish? 3. My uncle is … great specialist in … biology. 4. … Japanese is more difficult than … French. 5.  We listened to … very interesting lecture on … English literature yesterday. 6. Yesterday at … lesson of … geography … teacher told us … very interesting things about … famous travellers. 7. My father speaks … English and … French, but he does not speak … German. 8. We had … lesson of … mathematics yesterday. We wrote … test-paper in … mathematics. … teacher said: «I shall correct… test-papers in … evening. Tomorrow you will know … results».

 

Задание 8. Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число.

 

1. This is my stocking. 2. He has a new suit. 3. This metal is very hard. 4. That ship is a Rus­sian one. 5. I heard her voice. 6. His dog does not like bread. 7. The plate was on the table. 8. This town is very large. 9. I was talking to her at the tram stop yesterday. 10. Is that girl your sister? 11. I shall give you my book. 12. This story will be a good one. 13. Is this a good match? 14. The boy put his book on the desk. 15. She took off her hat.
2. That house is new. 17. The young man put his hand in his pocket. 18. Is this student coming with us, too? 19. The woman didn’t say anything. 20. Does she speak English?

 

 

&READING

 

Задание 9.   Прочтите текст и заполните таблицу.

 

Factors influencing the demand	Factors influencing the supply
1	1

 

Demand and Supply

 

Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at certain price. Other things equal*, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.

Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at certain price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.

The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.

There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.

An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will at the same time raise the demanded quantity. As consumer income is increased, demand for  normal goods will also increase but demand for  inferior goods will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.

As to supply, some factors are assumed³ as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices.

Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.

 

Задание 10. Вставьте подходящее слово и переведите предложения письменно.

 

1. The fashion for mini-skirt (increased/reduced) the demand for textile materials.
2. Even in (some/the same) middle-income countries many people are very poor.
3. Government regulations sometimes (decrease/impose) a change in (technology/quantity) that producers do not want to use.
4. Stabilization of prices is of great importance to industrial nations (as we// as /as well) the Third World countries.
5. Freeing up (освобождение) prices leads to their (decrease/increase).
6. (Inferior/ Normal) goods are usually low-quality goods for which there are higher-quality (improvements/substitutes) sold at higher prices.
7. A decrease in (complement/ input) prices makes the production less expensive.

 

–GRAMMAR

 

Задание 11. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные формы герундия.

 

1. Watching football matches may be exciting enough, but of course it is more exciting playing football.
2. She stopped coming to see us, and I wondered what had happened to her.
3. Can you remember having seen the man before?
4. She was terrified of having to speak to anybody, and even more, of being spoken to.
5. He was on the point of leaving the club, as the porter stopped him.
6. After being corrected by the teacher, the students’ papers were returned to them.
7. I wondered at my mother’s having allowed the journey.
8. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once.
9. Everybody will discuss the event, there is no preventing it.
10. At last he broke the silence by inviting everybody to walk into the din­ing-room.
11. On being told the news she turned pale.
12. The place is worth visiting.
13. She burst out crying.
14. They burst out laughing.
15. She denied having been at home that evening.
16. He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of travelling.
17. Excuse my leaving you at such a moment.
18. Please forgive my interfering.
19. He gave up smoking a few years ago.
20. They went on talking.

 

Задание 12. Выберите модальный глагол, исходя из его значения и контекста.

 

1. You (must, can) go to bed now.
2. She (may, should) read this book.
3. I (must, may) go home.
4. He (can, may) speak English.
5. The students (must, may) use a calculator at the Maths lessons.
6. My mother (can, should) cook many delicious dishes.
7. My father (must, can) drive a car.
8. Jack (can, must) play the guitar very well.
9. You (should, must) ask his advice.
10. Kate (may, can) remember a lot of words.

 

Задание 13. Поставьте необходимые предлоги в предложения

 

about     in      at       with     to        of        for       on

 

1. My sister will arrive … the station … 9 o’clock … the morning.
2. Look … that beautiful photo … my baby daughter.
3. I’m hungry. What’s … lunch today?
4. This is the highest mountain … the world.
5. What do you usually do … weekends?
6. We are going … the party …
7. I bought a new pair … sunglasses … the chemist’s.
8. What do you know … USA?
9. The postman came … a letter … my Dad.
10. Did you speak … the boss … your salary?
11. Sam lives … home … his mother.
12. Can you help me … my drawing? — … course I can.
13. I met my future husband … a queue … the bus stop.
14. Justin is … Kristy’s house.
15. The diagram is … page 76 … the left.

 

Задание 14. Раскройте скобки, употребляя нужную форму прилагательного.

 

1. Which is (large): the United States or Cana­da?
2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States?
3. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia.
4. The London underground is the (old) in the world.
5. There is a (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other city of Russia.
6. St. Petersburg is one of the (beau­tiful) cities in the world.
7. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England.
8. The is­land of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland.
9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia?
   10. The English Channel is (wide) than the straits of Gibraltar.

 

Задание 15. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.

 

2. What is your future speciality?
3. Who helped you to choose your career?
4. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
5. What are your major subjects?
6. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
7. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
8. What will be your responsibility and posotion after graduation?