1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1). показателем 3-го лица единственного числа ;

2). признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3). показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

 

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). Prices can be determined in different ways. Цены можно определять по-разному.

Ways – множественное число имени существительного a way

Prices — множественное число имени существительного a price

2). The price depends on different things. Цена зависит от многого.

Depends – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to depend

Things — множественное число имени существительного a thing

3). He gets along well with his partners. Он хорошо ладит со своими родителями.

Gets – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to get

Partners — множественное число имени существительного a partner

4). These are our partners’ product. Это товар наших партнеров.

Partner’s product — притяжательный падеж имени существительного partner

5). The expert’s decision is very important for us. Решение эксперта очень важно для нас.

Expert’s decision – притяжательный падеж имени существительного expert

 

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным

1). Some marketing and mass media experts hate all the talk about possible electronic shopping. Некоторые маркетинг- и масс-медиа-эксперты ненавидят всякие разговоры о возможном электронном магазине.

2). British Airways passengers will soon be able to buy items from top stores. Пассажиры Британских авиалиний в скором времени смогут купить товары в топ-магазинах.

3). British Airways is to hold trials of a new multi-channel entertainment system. Британские авиалинии должны провести испытания новой многоканальной развлекательной системы.

 

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы

сравнения, переведите их на русский язык.

 

1). Sales this month are 7 percent higher than last month. В этом месяце продажи на 7% выше, чем в прошлом.

2). Imports this year are as low as last year. Импорт в этом году такой же низкий, как и в прошлом.

3). The price will be slightly higher than in the past. Цена будет немного выше, чем раньше.

4). We are offering the best goods to our customers. Мы предлагаем нашим покупателям лучшие товары.

5). Our product is of better design. Наш товар имеет лучший дизайн.

 

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод местоимений.

1). We haven’t got any offers from British company. Мы не получили ни одного предложения от британской компании.

2). The London Stock Exchange offers the largest range and number of securities quoted on any Stock Exchange in the world. Лондонская фондовая биржа предлагает широчайший ассортимент и большое количество ценных бумаг, котируемых на любой фондовой бирже мира.

3). This tend for internationalism presupposes some benefits. Эта тенденция к интернационализму предполагает некоторые выгоды.

4). A few problems were discussed. Обсудили несколько проблем.

 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). They studied carefully income statement and balance sheet. Они внимательно изучили отчет о доходе и баланс.

Studied — Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to study.

2). They will hold a meeting in a week. Через неделю они проведут собрание.

Will hold – Future Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to hold.

3). The partners are sharing profits and losses with each other. Партнеры делят прибыль и убытки друг с другом.

Are sharing – Present Continuous Active от стандартного глагола to share.

4). This company has greatly expanded. Эта компания значительно выросла.

Has expanded – Present Perfect Active от стандартного глагола to expand.

5). We have already applied for a corporate charter. Мы уже подали заявление на корпоративный устав.

Have applied – Present Perfect Active от стандартного глагола to apply.

6). He had just sent his resume and the letter of interest, when we phoned him. Когда мы ему звонили, он только что отправил свое резюме и письмо о заинтересованности.

Had sent – Past Perfect Active от нестандартного глагола to send.

Phoned — Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to phone.

7). They invested money in this business last year. В прошлом году они вложили деньги в свой бизнес.

Invested — Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to invest.

8). We were studying carefully annual reports and accountant books when he returned. Когда он вернулся, мы внимательно изучали годовые отчеты и бухгалтерскую документацию.

Were studying – Past Continuous Active от стандартного глагола to study.

Returned — Past Simple Active от стандартного глагола to return.

6. Поставьте 5 типов вопросов.

1). A partner will finance the business.

a) Will a partner finance the business?

b) What will a partner finance?

c) A partner will finance the business, won’t he?

d) Will a partner finance the business or the project?

e) Who will finance the business?

2). The partners are responsible for business debts.

a) Are the partners responsible for business debts?

b) What are the partners responsible for?

c) The partners are responsible for business debts, aren’t they?

d) Are the partners responsible for business debts or for nothing?

e) Who is responsible for his debts?

3). The Board of Directors decided on vacation, salary, hiring and firing.

a) Did the Board of Directors decide on vacation, salary, hiring and firing?

b) What did the Board of Directors decide on?

c) The Board of Directors decided on vacation, salary, hiring and firing, didn’t it?

d) The Board of Directors decided on vacation, salary or on hiring and firing?

e) Who decided on vacation, salary, hiring and firing?

7. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы (письменно).

 

FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

 

Business is a commercial enterprise performing all those functions that govern the production, distribution and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and profit of the seller. Since the beginning of the era of economic progress old ways of running business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been introduced. This has enabled various branches of industry to adapt to changing conditions and to function more easily, efficiently and profitably, sole partnership, partnership, and corporation being the main forms of business ownership.

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits belong to the owner, the latter being fully responsible for the success and the failure of the business. Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no field of business is closed to an owner. Although advantages for the small business exist in this form, certain drawbacks make it undesirable for larger concerns. In the first place, the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as may be obtained by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their business. It is due to unlimited liability that all the personal assets of the owner, including his home and car, can be sold to settle the debts of the business. Unless the owner has much personal wealth, the business may have difficulty borrowing money in critical times. A sole proprietorship may also have difficulty hiring and keeping good employees, because the business will dissolve when the owner retires or dies.           

A partnership is an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their financial assets, labour, property, and other resources as well as their abilities and who carry on a business jointly for the purpose of profit. The agreement the partners usually sign to form an association is known as a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, responsibilities.          

Like the sole proprietorship, the partnership is easy to establish, and its profits are not subjected to federal corporation taxes. Financing is generally easier to obtain because the personal assets of the group are usually larger and the chances of success are higher. The major disadvantage of the partnership is unlimited liability of each partner for the debts of the business, that is, complete financial responsibility for losses. Furthermore, partners who wish to retire may find it difficult to recover their investments without dissolving the partnership and ending the business.

A business corporation is an organization created by law that allows people to associate together for the purpose of making profit. Corporations are also known as joint-stock companies because they are jointly owned by different persons who receive shares of stock in exchange of investment of money in the company. Shares represent fractions of company’s assets such as cash, equipment, real estate, manufactured goods, etc.          

 

1). What is business? Business is a commercial enterprise performing all those functions that govern the production, distribution and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and profit of the seller.

2). What is a sole proprietorship? A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits belong to the owner, the latter being fully responsible for the success and the failure of the business.

3). What is a partnership? A partnership is an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their financial assets, labour, property, and other resources as well as their abilities and who carry on a business jointly for the purpose of profit.

4). What is a business corporation? A business corporation is an organization created by law that allows people to associate together for the purpose of making profit.

5). What is the major disadvantage of the partnership? The major disadvantage of the partnership is unlimited liability of each partner for the debts of the business, that is, complete financial responsibility for losses.

6). What is the major advantage of the corporation? Because a corporation is considered a separate legal entity, the shareholders have limited liability for the corporation’s debts. The personal assets of shareholders are not at risk for satisfying corporate debts or liabilities.

7). What is the major disadvantage of the corporation? The major disadvantage of a corporation is the additional costs involved with starting and administering a corporation.

 

8. Соответствующие тексту предложения отметьте буквой “T” (true), несоответствующие –“ F “ (false):

1). A sole proprietorship may have difficulty hiring and keeping good employees. T

2). A partnership is an association only of two persons. F

3). A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits belong to the owner. T

4). The major disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is unlimited liability of each partner for the debts of the business. F

5). A partnership contract may include general policies, distribution of profits, responsibilities. T

6). Partnership profits are subjected to federal corporation taxes. F

7). A business corporation is an organization created by law that allows people to associate together for the purpose of making profit. T

 

 

 

 

 

Часть 2

 

1. Переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог

1). Several appointments with foreign businessmen have been made by 6 o’clock. До 6 часов было проведено несколько встреч с иностранными бизнесменами.

Have been made – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to make

2). The Moscow International Stock Exchanged was established in 1950. Московская фондовая биржа была создана в 1950 году.

Was established — Past Simple Passive от глагола to establish

3). Organizational structure of the firm is examined by the manager. Организационную структуру фирмы проверяет руководитель.

Is examined — Present Simple Passive от глагола to examine

4). You can be asked to participate in this work. Вас могут пригласить принять участие в этой работе.

Can be asked – модальный глагол с Indefinite Passive от глагола to ask

5). A lot of people will be employed by our company next year. В следующем году в нашей компании будет работать много людей.

Will be employed — Future Simple Passive от глагола to employ

 

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге

1). I receive orders from the sales-manager. Orders are received from the sales-manager.

2). Staff departments did different services to the line departments. Different services to the line departments were done by staff departments.

3). Two partners will finance the business. The business will be financed by two partners.

4). A secretary has already mailed the letters. The letters have already been mailed by a secretary.

5). Wait a minute. A book-keeper is preparing the tax report. Wait a minute. The tax report is being prepared by a book-keeper.

 

3. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое каждого предложения в нужную форму.

Образец: I am invited to the party (soon, yesterday, this week)

1. I’ll be invited to the party soon.

2. I was invited to the party yesterday.

3. I have been invited to the party this week.

 

1). A colleague gives me a piece of advice (right now; tomorrow morning; yesterday).

A colleague is giving me a piece of advice right now.

A colleague will give me a piece of advice tomorrow morning.

A colleague gave me a piece of advice yesterday.

2). The board of directors decides on vacation, salary, hiring and firing (last year; this year; next year).

The board of directors decided on vacation, salary, hiring and firing last year.

The board of directors decides on vacation, salary, hiring and firing this year.

The board of directors will decide on vacation, salary, hiring and firing next year.

 

4. Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1). The secretary can sign your papers, you needn`t wait for the manager. Секретарь может подписать ваши документы, вам не нужно ждать руководителя.

2). Free enterprise should be encouraged. Свободное предпринимательство нужно поощрять.

3). They were to meet at the entrance. Они должны были встретиться у входа.

4). Your may influence ultimate consumer to buy this product. Вы можете повлиять на основного покупателя купить этот товар.

5). We could borrow money quickly. Мы могли быстро занять деньги.

 

5. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого их низ, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения на русский язык (образец выполнения 4).

1). I’ll have the drawings prepared very soon. Очень скоро у меня будут подготовлены чертежи.

Prepared – Part II, определение

2). The number of new products coming into the market of western countries is overwhelming. Количество новых товаров, поступающих на рынок западных стран, является подавляющим.

Coming – Part I, определение

3). Providing credit services all the banks require credit reference letter. Предоставляя кредит, все банки требуют письмо с кредитной историей.

Providing – Part I, обстоятельство

4). The prices quoted in your price-list are too high. Цены, указанные в вашем прайс-листе, слишком высокие.

Quoted – Part II, определение

 

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст (устно).

MARKETING

Introduction

               

If production is to meet needs effectively, two things are necessary:

 

These are:   -Producers must know what to produce.   -Consumers must know what is being produced.

               

Linking these two factors together is the task and responsibility of the marketing staff.

What marketing involves.

               

Marketing involves keeping producers aware of the needs of consumers and ensuring that their needs products are made available to consumers in the way and form they want.

               

Note the emphasis on meeting the needs of consumers. Any firm which accepts this need as its main responsibility is said to be dominated by the marketing concept. This attitude distinguishes firms in free-market economies from those in centrally-planned economies where central government dictates what should be produced and supplied to consumers.              

 

The marketing function involves:

1. Market research

This involves finding out:

1 what consumers want and advising producers accordingly, and

2 recommending the standard of quality, style of packaging, choice of brand-name and general design of the products concerned.

2. Distribution

Products can be distributed to consumers in different ways. Some are best distributed through the manufacturer’s own retail outlet, some through a network of wholesalers and retailers, others by direct mail-order.

3. Pricing

Marketing managers should always be in close touch with market conditions so that they can advise on the best price (not necessarily highest) to charge for products.

4. Advertising

If customers do not know about new products, they will never buy them. They also need to be reminded, from time to time, of the existence of established products. Marketing managers are expected to know the best ways to advertise products. This involves choice of media, (for example, radio, television, press, boardings). It also involves knowing the best form advertisements should take, and the advertising slogan to be used.

5. Selling

This involves the skills of personal selling, together with display and presentation skills such as those involved in window displays, exhibitions, news releases, and product promotions.

Market research

               

An essential part of marketing is market research. This should not only precede the introduction of new products, but should keep a regular check on what is happening to existing ones. The object of market research is, primarily, to find out what the public wants. If product is needed, it will sell.              

Market researches also attempt to find out in what form, shape, colour and package the public will accept the product. They also try to keep track of changing patterns in demand. the successful firm is one that can commence production today for the needs of tomorrow.              

Market research must be distinguished from consumer research. This looks at marketing from consumers’ point of view. It is concerned with such questions as which of many rival products represent the best value for money, and how best the consumers’ interests can be safeguarded.          

Market research will, of course, be concerned not only with what products are needed and what will ‘sell’ them, but with the peculiarities of the markets with which their firms are concerned. Are there any moral, legal or social reasons why the proposed product should not be marketed in the area under consideration? In what way will demand, and the type of appeal that will have to be made to consumers through advertising, have to take account of the social, linguistic and racial backgrounds of the potential customers?

 

7. Ответьте на вопросы. Ответы переведите.

1). What does marketing involve?

Marketing involves keeping producers aware of the needs of consumers and ensuring that their needs products are made available to consumers in the way and form they want. Маркетинг включает в себя информирование производителей о потребностях потребителей и гарантию того, что их товары доступны потребителям в том порядке и виде, в котором им нужно.

2). What decisions are taken by marketing managers?

Market research Исследование рынка

This involves finding out: Это предполагает выяснить:

what consumers want and advising producers accordingly, and

recommending the standard of quality, style of packaging, choice of brand-name and general design of the products concerned.

Что хотят покупатели и соответственно консультирование производителей, рекомендация стандарта качества, стиля упаковки, выбор названия бренда и общего дизайна товаров.

Distribution Сбыт

Products can be distributed to consumers in different ways. Some are best distributed through the manufacturer’s own retail outlet, some through a network of wholesalers and retailers, others by direct mail-order.

Товары могут распространяться среди покупателей различными способами. Некоторые из них лучше всего распространяются через собственную розничную сеть производителя, другие через сеть оптовой и розничной торговли, а также с помощью прямых заказов по почте.

Pricing Ценообразование

Marketing managers should always be in close touch with market conditions so that they can advise on the best price (not necessarily highest) to charge for products.

Менеджеры по маркетингу должны всегда хорошо знать рыночные условия, чтобы иметь возможность дать консультацию по поводу лучшей цены (не обязательно самой высокой) на товары.

Advertising Реклама

If customers do not know about new products, they will never buy them. They also need to be reminded, from time to time, of the existence of established products. Marketing managers are expected to know the best ways to advertise products. This involves choice of media, (for example, radio, television, press, boardings). It also involves knowing the best form advertisements should take, and the advertising slogan to be used.

Если покупатели не знают о новых товарах, они никогда не купят их. Им также время от времени необходимо напоминание о существовании известных товаров. Ожидается, что менеджеры по маркетингу знают лучшие способы рекламы товаров. Это предполагает выбор средств массовой информации (например, радио, телевидение, пресса). Это также включает знание лучшей формы рекламы и рекламного слогана, который будет использоваться.

Selling Продажа

This involves the skills of personal selling, together with display and presentation skills such as those involved in window displays, exhibitions, news releases, and product promotions.

Сюда входят навыки индивидуальной продажи, вместе с умениями организовывать выставку и презентацию, такие как те, которые предполагаются для показа в окошке, демонстрации, новых релизов и продвижения товара.

3) How are products advertised?

Products are advertised by radio, television, press, boardings). Товары рекламируют по радио, телевидению, в прессе.

4) What is the purpose of the market research?

The purpose of market research is, primarily, to find out what the public wants.

Целью исследования рынка является, прежде всего, выяснить, что хочет общественность.

5) What is meant by consumer research?

This means looking at marketing from consumers’ point of view. It is concerned with such questions as which of many rival products represent the best value for money, and how best the consumers’ interests can be safeguarded.          

Это означает взгляд на маркетинг с точки зрения потребителей. Это связано с такими вопросами, как какой из многих конкурирующих продуктов представляет лучшее соотношение цены и качества, и как наилучшим образом обеспечить интересы покупателей.

Перепишите и письменно переведите абзац “What marketing involves».

Marketing involves keeping producers aware of the needs of consumers and ensuring that their needs products are made available to consumers in the way and form they want.

Маркетинг включает в себя информирование производителей о потребностях потребителей и гарантию того, что их товары доступны потребителям в том порядке и виде, в котором им нужно.