Modals I

Modal verbs обозначают отношение к действию, т. е. возможность, вероятность, необходимость его совершения. Модальных глаголов десять: can, could, shall, should, may, might, will, would, must, ought to.

Модальные глаголы имеют следующие особенности:

1. В третьем лице, единственном числе не присоединяют окончание —s:

 × The boy cans swim.

√ The boy can swim.

 

2. К модальным глаголам присоединяется инфинитив смыслового глагола без to (bare infinitive), за исключением ought:

× You should to go home early.

× You ought go home early.

√ You should go home early.

√ You ought to go home early.

√ The boy can swim.

√ You should go home early.

√ You ought to go home early.

 

3. В вопросительном предложении модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Must I go to bed now?

 

4. В отрицательном предложении к нему добавляется not или n’t: I cannot swim. You mustn’t tell lies.

Вопросительная форма: Must I do the ironing right  now? Can you speak French?

Отрицательная форма: I cannot (can’t) swim. You must not (mustn’t) tell lies.

 

5. Обычно модальные глаголы не образуют форм Past Simple, за исключением may (might), can (could):

— Why didn’t you come to Mary’s party yesterday?

— I couldn’t. I had to stay with my mother.

 

6. Нельзя использовать один модальный глагол после другого:

× She must can do it.

√ She must be able to do it.

× You will can go.

√ You will be able to go.

Обратите внимание:
модальные глаголы могут иметь разное значение!

 

Выражение долженствования, обязанности, необходимости

Глагол	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом  (Past)
must     should   ought to   must need   needn’t  (don’t need to )	обязанность, приказ, совет           необходимость     отсутствие необходимости	You must smoke less. You mustn’t take my things. You should wear a white dress. He ought to apologise.   They must have clean water.     I need more information.     We needn’t book in advance.   We don’t need to book in advance.	You should have smoked less. You shouldn’t have taken my things. You should have worn a white dress. He ought to have apologised.   They had to have clean water. I needed more information.   We needn’t have booked in advance.   We didn’t need to book in advance.

 

В вопросительном предложении must имеет значение «обязательно ли должен». Часто в вопросе выражается коннотативное значение раздражения, нежелания выполнить действие: Must we do it ourselves? (Мы обязательно должны это делать сами?)

 

Выражение умения, способности, возможности
производить действие и разрешения

Глагол	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом  (Past)
can     cannot/can’t   can may   cannot/ can’t may not	способность, умение   неспособность     разрешение     запрещение	She can play the gitar.   He can’t speak French.   You can park here. Visitors may use the car park. You can’t park here. Visitors may not use the car park.	She could play the gitar when he was ten.   He could speak French well at school.   We could park here. Visitors could use the car park.   We couldn’t park here. Visitors could not use the car park.

Could — в выражении вежливой просьбы: Could you help me, please?

 

REMEMBER Английская речь ритмична. Важна смена ударения и безударности. В утвердительной форме модальные глаголы не подвергаются ударению. В краткой вопросительной и отрицательной форме они ударные.    ▪              ▪            ▪        ▪           ▪       ▪                         ▪ Can you skate? — No, I can’t. I can’t skate, but I can  ski.       ▪           ▪         ▪                 ▪           ▪                     ▪        ▪         ▪        ▪ You can drive, can’t you? / Can you drive?          Yes, I can. / No, I can’t (cannot).            ▪            ▪        ▪                     ▪                    ▪                    ▪          ▪        ▪           ▪ Your son can write, can’t he? / Can your son write?      Yes, he can. / No, he can’t (cannot).

 

Выражение предположения, вероятности, возможности

 

	Предположение	Возможность
в настоящем (Present)	He can’t be in Germany. He couldn’t be in Germany. (это невозможно — я видел его недавно) He must be in Germany now. (я предполагаю)	He may be in Germany. He could be in Germany. (я не уверен)

Practice:

1. Работайте с партнером. Расспросите партнера о том, что он может и чего не может делать, используя слова и выражения из следующей таблицы:

Model: Can you swim? → Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.

             I can drive, but I can’t fly a plane.

I	Play any musical instruments	the guitar, the piano, saxophone
II	Speak any foreign languages	French, English, Italian, Polish,  Ukrainian, Hindi
III	Play any games, do activities	Baseball, football, tennis, boxing; swimming, riding
IV	Use	a computer, vacuum cleaner, mobile phone
V	Others	explain the theory of relativity, recite poetry

 

Сделайте заметки:

	QUESTIONS	ANSWERS
I	Can you play the guitar?	Yes, I can play the guitar?
II	Can you speak English?	Yes, I can speak English?
III	Can you play baseball?	No, I can’t play baseball?
IV	Can you use a computer?	Yes, I can use a computer.

 

Пользуясь заметками, расскажите группе о том, что может, и чего не может делать ваш партнер. Ответьте на вопросы группы.

My friend can play the guitar, speak English, use a computer, but he can’t play baseball.

 

2. Составьте правила поведения клиентов в гостинице, используя следующие глаголы.

Model: The guests mustn’t smoke in the room!

• leave valuables (ценные вещи) in the room,
• bring friends after 11 p. m.,
• take the keys with them, when they go somewhere,
• drop litter on the floor,
• make noise,
• usurp the hotel’s towels and bathrobes,
• take pets in bed,
• have sex.

 

The guests mustn’t leave valuables in the room.

The guests mustn’t bring friends after 11 p.m.

The guests mustn’t take the keys with them, when they go somewhere.

The guests mustn’t drop litter on the floor.

The guests mustn’t make noise.

The guests mustn’t usurp the hotel’s towels and bathrobes.

The guests mustn’t take pets in bed.

The guests mustn’t have sex.

3. Представьте, что вы сдаете квартиру внаем. Составьте список правил для жильцов.

You must pay for a room.                                             You mustn’t smoke in a room.

You must be responsible for a room.                            You mustn’t have a pet.

You must tidy a room.                                                   You mustn’t make noise.

You must call the police when something happens.      You mustn’t drop litter on the floor.

 

4. Переведите следующие предложения:

Model: She must be at home now. → Она должно быть дома сейчас.

1. You must be very hungry. Вы, должно быть, очень голодны.
2. He must be very busy at this moment. Don’t ring him up. Он, должно быть, сейчас очень занят. Не звони ему.
3. It must be very difficult to learn a foreign language. Выучить иностранный язык должно быть очень сложно.

 

5. Подчеркните правильный модальный глагол в следующих предложениях:
6. She didn’t need / needn’t have to take any money because her friend was going to pay.
7. We needn’t have / couldn’t have ordered so much food as nobody was hungry.
8. I don’t need to / shouldn’t wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
9. You need / must be a member of the library before you can borrow books.

 

6. Работайте с партнером. Прочитайте следующие диалоги:
7. A: Should I buy a blue blouse or a pink one?

B: I think you should buy a pink one.

A: Why do you say that?

B: Pink goes better with the color of your hair.

 

2. A: Should we vote for the Democrats or the Communists?

B: I think we should vote for the Democrats.

A: What makes you say that?

B: The Democrats think more about the future than the Communists.

 

3. A: Should I marry Linda or Jane?

B: I think I should marry Linda.

A: How come?

B: Linda is more beautiful than Jane.

 

7. Работайте с партнером. Составьте свой диалог по образцу из упр. 6, используя собственные слова. Драматизируйте его:

Should I buy a red skirt or white skirt? I think you should buy a white skirt. Why do you think so? I think that white skirt goes better with you hat.

 

Modals II

У ряда модальных глаголов есть эквиваленты, которые используют для выражения модальности в прошлом и будущем:

can = be able to

may = be allowed to

must	= have to
	= be to

 

Глаголы to be, to have спрягаются, принимая соответствующую временную форму: My grandmother was not able to walk at 70.

 

Вопросы и отрицания с have to требуют вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did:

– You came home late yesterday. Did you have to work all day?

– No, I didn’t. I just had to stay late to finish my report.

 

Выражение долженствования, обязанности, необходимости

	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом  (Past)
have to               be to	должен — вынужден, обстоятельства вынуждают, обязывают строгие  предписания       должен — моральный долг обязывает	Sorry, I have to go now. My train is leaving in a minute. At the West Point Military Academy the cadets have to obey very strict rules.   We are students. We are to work hard.	I had to go yesterday — I was missing my train. When I was a cadet I had to obey very strict rules.       We were to work hard when we were students.

 

Выражение умения, способности, возможности
производить действие и разрешения

Оборот	Значение	В настоящем (Present)	В прошлом  (Past)
be able to             be allowed to	физическая и умственная способность выполнить действие   разрешение	She’s able to play the piano.   She isn’t able to play the piano because her hand hurts.   Visitors are allowed to use the car park.   Visitors are not allowed to use the car park.	She was able to play the piano when she was five.   She wasn’t able to play the piano at yesterday concert because her hand hurt.   Visitors were allowed to use the car park.   Visitors were not allowed to use the car park.

Practice:

1. Переведите пары предложений и объясните различие между ними:

She could not cook such big dinner. — Она не могла приготовить такой большой ужин.

She need not cook such big dinner. — Ей не надо готовить такой большой ужин.

I cannot read French books.  Я не умею читать французские книги. You need not read so many books. Вам не надо читать столько книг.

 

They could not come in time.         Они не могли прийти вовремя. They need not come in time. Им не нужно приходить вовремя.

 

She could not buy that dress.          Она не могла купить это платье. She need not buy a new dress. Ей не нужно покупать новое платье.

 

The boy cannot lock the door.        Мальчик не может закрыть дверь. The boy need not lock the door. Мальчику не нужно закрыть дверь.

 

2. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски с помощью глагола to have to и следующих глаголов:

do, put, obey (подчиняться), run, look, polish, tell, stand, sit, memorize (запоминать), touch, get, go, tell, be.

Tom, a first year cadet at West Point, is writing a letter to his brother. West Point is the United States Army Military Academy. It is a very strict (жесткий, суровый) school, and there are many rules (правила) the cadets must obey.

 

Dear Joe,

How are you doing? Well, here I am at West Point. Life here is very difficult. We have to obey a thousand rules. A first-year cadet is nothing here. We  have to obey everything that an upperclassman tells us to do. Upperclassmen always tell the new cadets to do a lot of crazy things. For example, we have to put down our suitcases and pick them up again about fifty times. And we have to sit up and down the stairs ten times.

Our uniform is very important. They have to look perfect at all times. I have to polish my shoes about three times a day. If an upperclassman can’t see his reflection in our shoes, we have to do them again.

Cadets have to stand at attention when they speak to upperclassmen. When we stand at attention, our chins have to touch our chests. We even have to stand at attention when we eat our meals. You won’t believe some of the other stupid things. We have to memorize the menu for lunch and dinner every day. When an upperclassman asks «What’s for dinner?» we have to tell him: «Roast, chicken, potatoes, carrots, salad and apple pie, Sir». Also, if an upperclassman wants a Coke, we have to go to the soda machine and get a Coke for him.

Honor is important at West Point. Cadets have to be honest at everything they do. For example, if you know that another cadet lied or cheated on a test, you have to tell the commander.

I don’t have time to write any more. I have to run to class now.

Please write to me. I’m very lonely here. It’s very different from high school and home.

See you at Christmas,

Tom.

 

Vocabulary.

Upperclassman — курсант старшего курса, reflection — отражение, stand at attention — стоять по стойке смирно, chin — подбородок, chest — грудь, honor — честь, lie — лгать, cheat — мошенничать.

 

3. Работайте с партнером. Ваш друг учится в университете и живет в общежитии. Расспросите о его обязанностях, используя следующие выражения:

Model:

— Do you have to come early to class?

— Yes, I do. Our classes begin at eight.

— Do you have to cook for yourself ?

— No, I needn’t. There is a canteen at the University.

To stay late, to attend lectures, to prepare for the seminars, to study two foreign languages, to wash the clothes, to work a lot at the library, to work part time, to work hard to get ready for exams.

 

1. Do you have to stay late? Yes, I do. I have to work in a library.
2. Do you have to attend lectures? Yes, I do. We have many seminars and lectures.
3. Do you have to prepare for the seminars? Yes, I do. We have seminars every day.
4. Do you have to study two foreign languages? Yes, I do. I study English and French.
5. Do you have to wash the clothes? Yes, I do. I live alone and have to do it myself.
6. Do you have to work a lot at the library? Yes, I do. I have to read a lot to prepare for seminars?
7. Do you have to work part time? No, I don’t have to do it.
8. Do you have to work hard to get ready for exams? Yes, I do. I have to work hard.

 

4. Вставьте подходящий по смыслу глагол из списка: can, may, must, need

Why can not you understand it? It’s so easy!

You need not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner.

We can not carry the bookcase upstairs. It’s too heavy.

We can not carry this sofa upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it.

5. Заполните пропуски в тексте глаголами из списка: can, can, can, must, must, required to, must not, should, allowed to, do not have to.

Overseas visitors do not have to use their usual driving licences in New South Wales but must have proof that they are simply visiting. You are also must carry your licence with you whenever you are driving. You must not drive without wearing a seat belt. Driving is not the ideal way to get around central Sydney, although a car can be very convenient for journeys into the suburbs and further afield. If you are planning to use a car you can purchase a good street directory. The city centre is often congested and it can be difficult to find a parking place. Look out for the blue and white ‘P’ signs. You are required to pay at a meter after 6.30 pm on weekends, on Saturday afternoons and all day Sunday.

At some intersections, which are clearly signposted, drivers are allowed to make a left-hand turn at a red light after stopping, but should give way to pedestrians.

Modals III

 

Конструкции с модальными глаголами могут использоваться в следующих ситуациях:

чтобы попросить совета:

— Shall I take the exam now or wait till later?

— Should I go by car or by bus?

— Would you accept the job if you were me?

чтобы дать совет:

— You should get your hair cut.

— You should have had to drink less.

— You ought to use a dictionary.

— You ought to have revised a bit more.

попросить об услуге:

— Can/Could I ask you to do me a favor?

— Would you do me a favor? (более вежливо)

— Would you help me carry this bag?

— May I use your telephone?

— Will you please be quiet in here.

выразить готовность сделать что-то, предложить помощь, подать идею:

— Shall I help you clear the room?

— Can I give you a hand with your luggage?

— Would you like a lift to the railway station?

— Shall we open the window?

— We can stay in tonight if you like.

дать разрешение или отказать:

— You can have the day off.

— You can’t borrow my car tonight, because I need it.

— Could I leave the office early today?

— You may register for the exam until the end of September. (более официально)

Practice:

 

1. Прочитайте описание ситуации и задайте подходящие вопросы, пользуясь Shall I … или Shall we … .
2. Tomorrow is your husband’s/wife’s birthday and you don’t know what to present him/her with. Ask your friend for advice.

What shall I present her with?.

2. You’ve just seen a bag in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or not. Ask your friend for advice. Shall I buy a bag?
3. You and your family haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say – Shall I help you?
4. Your boss wants you to call him/her up. You don’t know what time to call up. Ask him/her.

What time shall I call you?

5. You’re going out. But there is a strong possibility that it will rain and you aren’t sure whether to take an umbrella or not. Ask your friend for advice. Shall I take an umbrella with?
6. You and your husband/wife are going to a restaurant. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or on foot. You say – Shall we go by car or on foot?

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя глагол needn’t.

Model: — Shall I do the shopping now?

            — No, you needn’t. You can do it later.

1. — Shall I type this advertisement now?

— No, needn’t. You can do it later.

2. — Shall I clean the flat today?

— No, needn’t. You can do it tomorrow.

3. — Shall I go to the bank this morning?

— No, needn’t. You can do it this afternoon.

 

3. Задайте вопросы к следующим ситуациям:

Model: — You want to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him/her?

          — Could I borrow your camera?

1. You have a car and you want to give your mother-in -law a lift. What do you say?

Can I give you a lift?

2. You have to go to the railway station but you don’t know how to get there. Ask a passer-by.

Could you tell me how to go to  the railway station?

3. You are at an interview. You want to smoke a cigarette.

May I smoke?

4. You want to invite your cousin to stay with you for the weekend.

Would you like to stay with me for the weekend?

5. You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. Ask a permission.

Mr. Goldsmith, do you think I may leave work early?

6. Your neighbour is listening to loud rock music. Ask him politely to turn it down.

Do you think you can turn it down?

 

The Passive Voice

 

Пассивный залог — The Passive Voice — употребляется:

— с большинством переходных глаголов (глагол + прямое дополнение), когда само действие более важно, чем субъект этого действия (производитель):

This helicopter was designed in Russia;

— когда производитель действия неизвестен:

The manuscripts were found in 19^th century;

— если информация о субъекте действия важна, то она вводится предлогом by:

This wedding cake will be baked by the best cooks.

 

Образование: To be + V3 (Past Participle)

 

Present Simple	I am surprised by this message.
Past Simple	I was surprised by this message.
Future Simple	I will be surprised by this message.
Present Perfect	The letter has been written by a woman. The letter has been written by a woman.
Present Continuous	These students are being examined now.
Past Continuous	He was being examined this time yesterday.
Present Perfect	We have been shown this film twice.
Past Perfect	had been
Future Perfect	I/he shall/will have been
Глаголы sell, wash, wear, bake, read употребляются в активном залоге, хотя и с пассивным значением: These novels sell well. The cloth wears well.

 

Если в предложении два возможных субъекта, предмет или лицо, то подлежащим в пассивном залоге становится лицо: I was given a prize.

 

Пассивный залог может употребляться с модальными глаголами, предложение строится по следующей схеме:

Modal verb + be + Past Participle

	must/can/should be/may/might + Participle II
Active Voice		Passive Voice
I can do it. He should do it. They must do it. He has to do it. You may do it. They might do it.		It can be done by me. It should be done by him. It must be done by them. It has to be done by her. It may be done by Ann. It might be done by them.

Practice:

 

1. Измените залог в предложениях, следуя модели:

Model: Somebody broke that window yesterday — That window was broken yesterday.

1. Sarah invited Jane to her party. Jane was invited to Sarah’s party. 2. Someone has written a book about the first American president. A book about the first American president was written. 3. Police arrests people every day. People are arrested every day. 4. Someone stole my car last night. My car was stolen last night. 5. We will paint a house tomorrow. A house will be painted tomorrow.

 

2. Работайте с партнером. Составьте собственные диалоги из данных слов, следуя модели:

Model: — Do you want me to feed Rover?

      — No. Don’t worry about it. He’s already been fed.

— Do you want me to make the bed?

      — No. Don’t worry about it. It is already made.

 

— Do you want me to do the dishes?

      — No. Don’t worry about it. They are already done.

 

— Do you want me to take the garbage out?

      — No. Don’t worry about it. It is already taken out.

 

— Do you want me to wake the children up?

      — No. Don’t worry about them. They are already woken up.

 

— Do you want me to carve the chicken?

      — No. Don’t worry about them. They are already carved.

 

Make the bed, do the dishes, take the garbage out, wake the children up, carve the chicken.

 

3. Составьте из данных слов вопросы в пассивном залоге:

Model: Question: The new road / still / build?

                 … Is the new road still being built? …

      Answer: Yes, they haven’t finished it yet.

Question: Where / the first car / manufacture?

Where was the first car manufactured?

Answer: In the USA.

 

Question: how many mobile phones / sell/ recently?

How many mobile phones have been sold recently?

Answer: Millions!

 

Question: Who penicillin / discover / by?

By whom was penicillin dscovered?

Answer: By Alexander Fleming.

 

Question: When / cure / find / for Aids?

When will cure  be found for Aids?

Answer: Very soon, I hope.

 

Question: When / the first real computers / build?

When were the first real computers built?

Answer: During the Second World War.

 

 

 

Контрольная работа №2 по теме: История и культура Санкт-Петербурга

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст « The St. Petersburg of Peter the Great » по ссылке: http://www.saint-petersburg.com/history/first-years.asp 

During the first few years of St. Petersburg’s history, the banks of the Neva saw an amazing transition from a swampy, scarcely populated area to a fine European capital. The first structure to be built in the new city was the Peter and Paul fortress. Although it was originally designed to protect the area from possible attacks by the Swedish army and navy, the fort did not actually take part in any fighting. Just across the River Neva from the fortress Peter built the fortified Admiralty complex, where the most powerful ships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet were built. Many of these vessels were to lead Russia to a great series of naval victories during the course of the Northern War. Many of St. Petersburg’s street and district names still remind us today of Peter the Great’s preparations for war and the great shipbuilding industry he instituted (Liteiny — meaning «the Foundry yard» and Smolny — «the Tar yard», which produced tar for the purposes of shipbuilding, for example).

Tsar Peter the Great’s first residence in the city was a small hut, known now as the Cabin of Peter the Great. As the city developed the Tsar commissioned a Summer Palace to be built for him in 1714 and later a Winter Palace, just a little further down the river. Originally there were no bridges crossing the mighty Neva River and people had to be ferried between banks by boat, one of the reasons why St. Petersburg was given the epithet «the Venice of the North».

The heart of the city was originally intended to be the area between the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Cabin of Peter the Great, which later became known as Trinity Square (‘Troitskaia Ploschad’). The focal point of this area was the city’s first church — the Trinity Church, and around it houses for the local nobility, a Gostiny Dvor (a market for local and visiting merchants) and several inns and bars were built. Most of the city’s prestigious social events (receptions, balls, etc.) took place either in the Summer Gardens or in the residence of the Governor General of St. Petersburg — the luxurious Menshikov Palace.

Unfortunately, very few of the city’s buildings from the early 18th century have survived, many having been torn down or remodeled. The Kikin House, next to Smolny Cathedral, and the University building of the «Twelve Colleges» on Vasilievsky Island give visitors an approximate impression of what the original city looked like.

When Peter the Great died in 1725, his wife Catherine assumed power and the city experienced a short decline while various rulers fought over the throne. For a short period, in the late 1720s, the royal court was moved back to Moscow. Many of the nobility and merchants, forced by Peter the Great to move to St. Petersburg, now chose to leave the city. St. Petersburg was only fully revived when Peter’s daughter Elizabeth became Empress in 1741. Elizabethan St. Petersburg became a lively European capital and its population reached 150,000 people.

На протяжение нескольких лет истории территория Санкт-Петербурга на берегах Невы изменилась: от болотистой малонаселенной местности к прекрасной европейской столице. Первым зданием, которое было построено в новом городе, стала Петропавловская крепость. Хотя изначально она была создана для защиты местности от возможных атак шведской армии и флота, на самом деле форт не принимал участия ни в каких боевых действиях. Прямо через Неву от крепости Петр построил укрепленный Адмиралтейский комплекс, где строили самые мощные корабли Балтийского флота России. Многие из этих судов должны были привести Россию к великой серии морских побед в ходе Северной войны. Многие названия улиц и районов Санкт-Петербурга до сих пор напоминают нам о подготовке Петра Великого к войне и о великой судостроительной промышленности, которую он основал (Литейный — что означает «Литейный завод» и Смольный — «Смольный двор», который производил смолу для судостроения).

Первой резиденцией царя Петра Великого в городе была небольшая хижина, известная теперь как Хижина Петра Великого. По мере развития города царь приказал построить для себя Летний дворец в 1714 году, а затем Зимний дворец, чуть дальше по реке. Первоначально не было мостов, пересекающих великую Неву, и людей приходилось переправлять между берегами на лодках, что было одной из причин, по которой Санкт-Петербург получил эпитет «Северная Венеция».

Изначально центром города была территория между Петропавловской крепостью и Хижиной Петра Великого, которая впоследствии стала известна как Троицкая площадь. Особенностью этого района была первая церковь города — Троицкая церковь, вокруг которой были построены дома для местной знати, Гостиный двор (рынок для местных и приезжих купцов), а также несколько гостиниц и баров. Большинство престижных светских мероприятий города (приемы, балы и т. д.) проходили либо в Летнем саду, либо в резиденции генерал-губернатора Санкт-Петербурга — роскошном Меншиковском дворце.

К сожалению, очень немногие из городских зданий начала 18 века сохранились, многие были снесены или реконструированы. Дом Кикина рядом со Смольным собором и университетский корпус «Двенадцать коллегий» на Васильевском острове дают туристам приблизительное представление о том, как выглядел первоначальный город.

Когда Петр Великий умер в 1725 году, его жена Екатерина пришла к власти, и город пережил кратковременный упадок, в то время как различные правители боролись за престол. На короткое время, в конце 1720-х годов, царский двор был перенесен обратно в Москву. Многие дворяне и купцы, вынужденные Петром Великим переехать в Санкт-Петербург, теперь решили покинуть город. Санкт-Петербург был полностью возрожден только тогда, когда дочь Петра Елизавета стала императрицей в 1741 году. Санкт-Петербург под правлением Елизаветы стал оживленной европейской столицей, а его население достигло 150 000 человек.

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

1.What was the first construction in St. Petersburg? The first structure to be built in the new city was the Peter and Paul fortress.

2.Why was Peter and Paul’s fortress built? Although it was originally designed to protect the area from possible attacks by the Swedish army and navy, the fort did not actually take part in any fighting.

3.What was Peter the Great’s first residence in the city?  Tsar Peter the Great’s first residence in the city was a small hut, known now as the Cabin of Peter the Great.

4.Where did social events take part? Most of the city’s prestigious social events (receptions, balls, etc.) took place either in the Summer Gardens or in the residence of the Governor General of St. Petersburg — the luxurious Menshikov Palace.

5.Whose governing the city made it decline for a short period after Peter the Great’s death? When Peter the Great died in 1725, his wife Catherine assumed power and the city experienced a short decline while various rulers fought over the throne.

6.When was Saint Petersburg fully revived? St. Petersburg was only fully revived when Peter’s daughter Elizabeth became Empress in 1741. Elizabethan St. Petersburg became a lively European capital and its population reached 150,000 people.

 

 Задание 3. Выпишите значения слов и выражений из словаря.

1.swampy area – boggy area.

2.capital — a city that is the centre of government of a country or smaller political area.

3.to protect — to keep someone or something safe from injury, damage, or loss

4.fortress — a large, strong building or group of buildings that can be defended from attack

5.vessels — a large boat or a ship

6.victory — an occasion when you win a game, competition, election, war, etc. or the fact that you have won

7.shipbuilding — the activity of building ships

8.to commission — to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work, or to formally ask for a special piece of work from someone

9.square — a flat shape with four sides of equal length and four angles of 90°

10.luxurious — very comfortable and expensive

11.to survive – to stay alive

12.cathedral — a very large, usually stone, building for Christian worship. It is the largest and most important church of a diocese

13.merchant — a person whose job is to buy and sell products in large amounts, especially by trading with other countries

14.ruler — the leader of a country

15.empress — a female ruler of an empire, or the wife of a male ruler of an empire

16.to revive — to come or bring something back to life, health, existence, or use

17.decline — to gradually become less, worse, or lower

 Задание 4. В предложениях заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из Задания 3, поставив их в правильную грамматическую форму.

1.The first structure to be built in the new city was the Peter and Paul cathedral.

2.Many of the vessels of Russia’s Baltic Fleet were to lead Russia to a great series of naval victories during the course of the Northern War.

3.Many of St. Petersburg’s street and district names still remind us today of Peter the Great’s preparations for war and the great luxurious industry he instituted.

4.As the city developed the Tsar commisioned a Summer Palace to be built for him in 1714 and later a Winter Palace, just a little further down the river.

5.Unfortunately, very few of the city’s buildings from the early 18th century have revived many having been torn down or remodeled.

6.When Peter the Great died in 1725, his wife Catherine assumed power and the city experienced a short decline while various rulers fought over the throne.

7.Many of the nobility and merchants, forced by Peter the Great to move to St. Petersburg, now chose to leave the city.

8.St. Petersburg was only fully protected when Peter’s daughter Elizabeth became Empress in 1741.

9.Elizabethan St. Petersburg became a lively European capital and its population reached 150,000 people.

 

 Задание 5. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам.

 

1.to protect  F                    a. austere

2.victory D                         b. to rise

3.luxurious A                     c. to destroy

4.to survive  G                   d. defeat

5.to decline  B                              e. peace

6.to build C                        f. to attack

7.war   E                            g. to die

 Задание 7. Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски словами, подходящими по смыслу.

tombs cobblestone gilded extensive baroque cascades fortress boulevards commemorates cathedral

St.Petersburg’s oldest building is Peter and Paul’s fortress which dates back to 1703 and was built by Peter the Great to defend the city against the Swedes. The highlight here is the magnificent cascades Peter and Paul cathedral which holds tombs the of most of Russia’s pre-Revolutionary rulers including Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Nevsky Prospekt was one of Europe’s grandest boulevards with palaces, squares, bridges and cobblestone streets that now house shops, restaurants, banks and museums.

Peterhof was built by Peter the Great in the 18th century. It is the complex of palaces and extensive gardens built on a grand scale with fountain gilded and baroque statues.  The central point is the Great Cascade which has over 140 fountains and the statue of Samson opening the lion’s jaw. This statue commemorates Russian’s victory over Sweden in a great Northern war.