1. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно:

Polymerization

 

Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks of polymer chains. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. The main categories are addition polymerization (also known as “chain-growth polymerization”) and condensation polymerization (also known as “step-growth polymerization” or “step polymerization”).

Addition polymerization involves the linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple chemical bonds. These unsaturated monomers (the identical molecules which make up the polymers) have extra internal bonds which are able to break and link up with other monomers to form the repeating chain. Addition polymerization is involved in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Condensation polymerization occurs when monomers bond together through condensation reactions. Generally, a condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. Typically, condensation polymerization reactions can be achieved through reacting molecules incorporating alcohol, amine or carboxylic acid functional groups. When an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide or peptide bond is formed, with the release of water (hence condensation polymerization.) This is the process through which amino acids link up to form proteins, as well as how Kevlar is formed.

Condensation polymers are any class of polymers formed through a condensation reaction, releasing (or condensing) a small molecule by-product such as water or methanol, as opposed to addition polymers which involve the reaction of unsaturated monomers. Types of condensation polymers include polyamides, polyacetals and polyesters.

 

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the kinds of polymerization? The main categories are addition polymerization (also known as “chain-growth polymerization”) and condensation polymerization (also known as “step-growth polymerization” or “step polymerization”).

2. What is addition polymerization? Addition polymerization involves the linking together of molecules incorporating double or triple chemical bonds. These unsaturated monomers (the identical molecules which make up the polymers) have extra internal bonds which are able to break and link up with other monomers to form the repeating chain.

3. What is condensation polymerization? Condensation polymerization occurs when monomers bond together through condensation reactions.

4. What are the examples of addition polymers? Addition polymerization is involved in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

5. What are the examples of condensation polymers? Condensation polymers are any class of polymers formed through a condensation reaction, releasing (or condensing) a small molecule by-product such as water or methanol, as opposed to addition polymers which involve the reaction of unsaturated monomers. Types of condensation polymers include polyamides, polyacetals and polyesters.

 

3. Дайте русские эквиваленты:

 

1. three-dimensional networks of polymer chains

2. addition polymerization

3. the linking together of molecules

4. have extra internal bonds

5. the manufacture of polymers

6. through condensation reactions

7. link up to form proteins

8. formed through a condensation reaction

9. releasing a small molecule by-product

10. as opposed

 

1. трехмерные сети полимерных цепей

2. аддитивная полимеризация

3. соединение молекул

4. иметь дополнительные внутренние связи

5. производство полимеров

6. через реакции конденсации

7. связываться с образованием белков

8. образуется в результате реакции конденсации

9. высвобождение побочного продукта небольшой молекулы

10. в отличие от

 

4. Дайте английские эквиваленты:

 

1. процесс взаимодействия молекул

2. химическая реакция

3. полимеризация с ростом цепи

4. ступенчатая полимеризация

5. тройная химическая связь

 

6. ненасыщенные мономеры

7. способны разрываться и соединяться

8. образовывать повторяющуюся цепь

9. реакции конденсационной полимеризации

10. карбоновая кислота

1. the process of interaction of molecules

2. chemical reaction

3. polymerization with chain growth

4. step polymerization

5. triple chemical bond

6. unsaturated monomers

7. able to break and connect

8. form a repeating chain

9. condensation polymerization reactions

              10. carboxylic acid

 

5. Выпишите из текста 3 предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Addition polymerization is involved in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

2. . When an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide or peptide bond is formed, with the release of water (hence condensation polymerization.)

3. This is the process through which amino acids link up to form proteins, as well as how Kevlar is formed.

1. Аддитивная полимеризация используется при производстве таких полимеров, как полиэтилен, полипропилен и поливинилхлорид (ПВХ).

2. Когда амин реагирует с карбоновой кислотой, образуется амидная или пептидная связь с выделением воды (отсюда и конденсационная полимеризация).

3. Это процесс, посредством которого аминокислоты соединяются в белки, а также то, как образуется кевлар.

                                              

6. Задайте 4 вопроса (общий, альтернативный, специальный, разделительный) к тексту.

1. Does condensation polymerization occur when monomers bond together through condensation reactions? общий

2. Is a condensation reactiona chemical reaction in which two molecules or three moluecules combine to form one single molecule? альтернативный

3. How cab be condensation polymerization reactions? специальный

4. When an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide or peptide bond is formed, with the release of water, isn’t it? разделительный

 

 

 

 

5. Выпишите из текста 5 примеров каждой из основных частей речи в начальной форме слова (Nouns; Verbs; Adjectives) и формы Participle I и Participle II.

1. polymers process reaction acid molecule Nouns

2. To react exist to be can link up Verbs

3. involved formed achieved opposed unsaturated Participle II

4. reacting repeating incorporating repeating incorporating Participle I

5. dimensional chemical identical small internal Adjectives