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ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Определите в каждом предложении видо-временную форму и залог гла­гола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. I came at 6 but they had finished the work by that time.
2. The new equipment will be delivered by the year.
3. Have you ever met him?
4. He will have repaired his car by Saturday.
5. English is spoken in many countries.
6. They woke after the alarm clock had already rung.
7. He was told to wait.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времён.

1. I knew that Peter would live in Kiev the following year.
2. He said that he had met with customers two days before.
3. He said that he traveled much.
4. We didn’t know where she had lived before.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Определите функции глагола TO BE, TO DO и TO HAVE. Переведите предложения.

1. He has done much to improve his spelling and pronunciation.
2. She has never come in time.
3. I had to take a taxi because I was late.
4. He was reading a book when I came.
5. We are to be in the office at 3 o’clock.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4 . Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II и причастные обороты.

1. Man cultivates many different crops, some of them being used for medicine.
2. I have two friends, one of them studying at the University.
3. Having translated the article I went to the Institute.
4. Reading this book the student found out many interesting things.
5. Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Определите формы инфинитива:

TO DESIGN, TO BE DESIGNED, TO HAVE DESIGNED, TO HAVE BEEN DESIGNED, TO BE DESIGNING

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения.

1. She gave us a list of book to be read.
2. The article to be published was written by my brother.
3. To master English one must study regularly.
4. This is not a chance to be missed.
5. He was the first to use this method.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Переведите на русский язык, определив функцию герундия.

1. He likes listening to music.
2. They left without talking to him.
3. Smoking is not allowed here.
4. His favourite pastime is watching TV.
5. We thought of reading this article as soon as possible.
6. Mastering a foreign language thoroughly is not easy.

Задание 8. Переведите текст.

Money and Its Functions

Money has four functions: a medium of exchange or means of payment, a store of value, a unit of account and a standard of deferred payment. When used as a medium of exchange, money is considered to be distinguished from other assets.

Money as the medium of exchange is believed to be used in one half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour for money, people buy or sell goods in exchange for money as well.

People do not accept money to consume it directly but because it can subsequently be used to buy things, they wish to consume. To see the advan­tages of a medium of exchange, imagine a barter economy, that is, an econ­omy having no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly or swapped for other goods. The seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Trading is very expensive. People spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make swaps. Nowadays, there exist ac­tually no purely barter economies, but economies nearer to or farther from the barter type. The closer is the economy to the barter type, the more waste­ful it is.

Serving as a medium of exchange is presumed to have for centuries been an essential function of money.

The unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted¹ and accounts are kept. In Britain, for instance, prices are quoted in pounds sterling; in France, in French francs. It is usually convenient to use the same unit to measure the medium of exchange as well as to quote prices and keep ac­counts in. However, there may be exceptions. During the rapid German in­flation of 1922-23 when prices in marks were changing very quickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use US dollars as the unit of ac­count. Prices were quoted in dollars though payment was made in marks. The same goes for² Russia and other post-communist economies which used the US dollar as a unit of account, keeping their national currencies as means of actual payment. The higher is the inflation rate, the greater is the probability of introducing a temporary unit of account alongside the existing units for measuring medium of exchange.

Money is a store of value, for it can be used to make purchases in future. For money to be accepted in exchange, it has to be a store of value. Unless suitable for buying goods with tomorrow, money will not be accepted as pay­ments for the goods supplied today. But money is neither the only nor neces­sarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collections, and interest-bearing bank accounts all serve as stores of value.

Finally money serves as a standard of deferred payment or a unit of account over time When money is borrowed, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in units of national currency, pounds of sterling for the United Kingdom, for example. Although convenient, this is not an essential function of money UK citizens can get bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year.

Thus, the key feature of money is its use as a medium of exchange. For money to be used successfully as a means of exchange, it must be a store of value as well. And it is usually, though not always, convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment.

Пояснения к тексту

to quote [kwout] — регистрировать, называть, the same goes for … — то же самое относится к…

1. a) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Money and Its Functions.
2. What are the main functions of money?
3. How important is the function of money as a medium of exchange?
4. Why do people accept money as a medium of exchange?
5. What is barter economy?
6. Why are barter economies wasteful?
7. When don’t national currencies serve as units of account? Give examples.
8. When is money used as a standard of deferred payment?

б) Подумайте и скажите:

1. Why are goods actually more expensive if the means of payment are different from the units of account?
2. What measures can a seller take if money does not fulfill its function as a store of value properly?

Образец разговорной темы «Моя профессия».

My profession.

I want to tell about my profession. As for me, I made my choice long ago. While at school, I got deeply interested in Mathematics, Computers, Law, History and English. After leaving school, I entered the correspondence department of Kemerovo State Agricultural Institute and chose the profession of economist. I want to become an economist, because this profession is very important and necessary especially nowadays, when cooperation between different countries in all spheres of life is steadily increasing.

My profession is connected with economy and policy. This profession is very popular and prestige. An economist is a person of present and future. I know much about this profession. As for me, I read special literature, newspapers, magazines, go to the public library, watch TV programs that are devoted to economy and tell about businesspersons and their job.

From year to year I enrich my knowledge about this profession. I give a great attention to English because it’s becoming more important nowadays. Now, when we are reconstructing our economy, when there are many joint ventures, we need a great number of specialists having a good command of foreign languages. If we know foreign languages, we can communicate personally, read foreign economic newspapers and magazines, listen, to the world economic news. The more general aim is to broaden our intellectual and cultural horizons through contacts with people from other countries, that is necessary for economic co-operation. I am interested in different kinds of trade, the conclusion of deals, contracts.

In future I am going to get business transactions in buying and selling different goods to different ventures. I want to organize a joint venture and to deal with many customers on contracts.

To become an economist it’s necessary to know very much, to be well-read, tactful, communicative and to have many others qualities. This profession is paid much attention in our country. Nowadays there are many specialists in the field of economy. I hope to be a good economist.

Вопросы для беседы:

What is your job? What are advantages and disadvantages of your profession /job? Which of your personal characteristics will help you to succeed in your career?  Which qualities of your character would you like to develop? Those who chose their career correctly are really happy, aren’t they?