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ЗАДАНИЕ 1.Определите в каждом предложении видо-временную форму и залог гла­гола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения.

1. He has been in business since last March.
2. A lot of letters and cables are typed and send to customers every day.
3. When I first met him he had just returned from London.
4. By next year our factory will have produced one million refge­rators.
5. Our equipment was bought in lot of countries.
6. What were you doing at 5 o’clock yesterday?
7. We asked him what countries he had visited.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времен.

1. He said that he would be back the next day.
2. The secretary explained that the President had left the offi­ce.
3. They told us that they were ready to discuss the Draft Cont­ract.
4. I’m sure he will speak English well at the examination.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Определите функции глагола TO BE, TO DO и TO HAVE. Переведите предложения.

1. I didn’t know he had left.
2. He has a sister.
3. He does everything slowly.
4. She is having dinner at the moment.
5. They were to finish this work yesterday.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастия I и II и причастные обороты.

1. Having learned English she began to study French.
2. Numerous questions answered by the speaker were related to economy of Great Britain.
3. The letter to her parents being written, she went to post it.
4. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us.
5. I saw him crossing the street.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Определите формы инфинитива:

TO DESIGN, TO BE DESIGNED, TO HAVE DESIGNED, TO HAVE BEEN DESIGNED, TO BE DESIGNING

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения.

1. To know English is necessary for a specialist.
2. He was too tired to be asked any questions.
3. They are glad to have passed their exams.
4. It is necessary to master this specialty.
5. He found the problem too difficult to solve.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Переведите на русский язык, определив функцию герундия.

1. He likes listening to music.
2. They left without talking to him.
3. Smoking is not allowed here.
4. His favorite pastime is watching TV.
5. We thought of reading this article as soon as possible.
6. Mastering a foreign language thoroughly is not easy.

Задание 8. Переведите текст.

Factors of Production: Capital and Labour

Factors of production are resources used by firms as inputs for a good or service to be produced. Factors of production are as follows: capital, labour, and natural resources.

In economic theory, the term «capital» refers to goods and money used to produce more goods and money. Classifications of capital vary with the pur­pose of the classification. The most general distinction is the one made be­tween physical, financial, and human capital.

Physical capital is land, buildings, equipment, raw materials; bonds, stocks, available bank balances are included in the financial capital. They both make a great contribution to production.

To group capital into fixed capital and circulating capital is common prac­tice¹. The former refers to means of production such as land, buildings, ma­chinery and various equipment. They are durable, that is, they participate in the production process over several years. Circulating capital includes both non-renewable goods, such as raw materials and fuel, and the funds required to pay wages and other claims against² the enterprise. Non-renewable goods are used up in one production cycle and their value is fully transferred to the final product.

Human capital is knowledge that contributes «know-how» to production. It is increased by research and disseminated through education. Investment in human capital results in new, technically improved, products and produc­tion processes which improve economic efficiency. Like physical capital, hu­man capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.

It is common, in economics, to understand labour as an effort needed to satisfy human needs. It is one of the three leading elements of production. Labour has a variety of functions: production of raw materials, manufactur­ing of final products, transferring things from one place to another, manage­ment of production, and services like the ones rendered by physicians and teachers.

One can classify labour into productive and unproductive. The former produces physical objects having utility. The latter is useful but does not pro­duce material wealth. Labour of the musician is an example.

Unlike other factors of production, for example capital, once workers are employed, their efficiency can vary greatly with organization of work and their motivation.

Demand for labour is influenced by the demand for goods produced by workers, the proportion of wages in total production costs, etc. The supply of labour depends upon the size of population, geographic mobility, skills, edu­cation level (human capital), etc. Workers supply labour either individually or through trade unions. If demand for and supply of labour are not in equilib­rium, there is unemployment. The rate of unemployment is a percentage of the total labour force without a job. It is desirable for an economy to have the lowest possible unemployment rate and to achieve higher employment as nei­ther full use of resources nor maximum level of output can be achieved in an economy having unemployment.

Factors of production are combined together in different proportions in order to produce output. It is assumed in economics that one should choose the combination of factors which minimizes the cost of production and in­creases profits.

The third factor of production, natural resources, poses too many economic problems³ to be discussed here. We will analyze them in the following unit.

Укажите, какие предложения не соответствуют содержанию текста Factors of Production: Capital and Labour. Дайте правильный вариант.

1. In economics, the term «capital» refers to labour and natural resources used to produce goods.
2. Physical capital is more important for production than financial one.
3. Fixed capital includes such durable means of production as land, build­ings, machinery, and equipment.
4. Unproductive labour is less important for society than productive one.
5. Labour efficiency can vary greatly from one enterprise to another de­pending on management of work and workers’ motivation.
6. The demand for labor depends on the size of population, geographic mobility and human capital.
7. It is possible for an economy to achieve full employment.

Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов.

1. (Like/ Unlike) physical capital, human capital is expensive.
2. A man’s budget constraint is fixed (определяется) by the total amount of time (following / available) over a given period such as a day, a month, a year.
3. Individuals can (either/neither) spend their income on consumption (or / nor) save it.
4. A person has an income which allows him to consume (efficient / vari­ous) goods and services and live in a particular neighborhood (район).
5. In labor markets many aspects are regulated: paid holidays, the length of working day and week and other aspects of the (employment / contri­bution) relationship.
6. Changing policies (require / vary with) constant updating (обновление) of statistical systems.
7. How the European Union’s statistical system is adapting to (require­ments/values) in the 21st century is of importance (either / both) in­side (or/and) outside the EU.
8. Some part of (circulating capital/fixed capital), for example equipment, loses its value in the (cost of production / production process), another part of (circulating capital /fixed capital), for example land, may grow in value.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на то, что слово which относится ко всему предыдущему предложению и переводится словом «что».

1. Employment among young men is very low in Germany, which is due to the government’s subsidies for education.
2. The government did not pay due attention to the economists’ recom­mendations, which led to lower economic growth.
3. Some economists expect world population to reach 12-13 billion as soon as 2020-2025, which will require much more non-renewable resources than at present.
4. The consumer incomes have risen, which has resulted in lower demand for inferior goods.
5. Under conditions of food shortage a government might prefer to im­pose a price ceiling on food, which will let poor people continue to buy adequate quantities of food.