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Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. Many new types of individual houses are made from reed slabs, rolled gypsum concrete panels or wooden sheets. A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks (prefabs). All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. The building process takes place under the supervision of foremen and engineers.

The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, locksmiths, glass-cutters, etc. In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next, the building lines are staked out. After this, the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the actual building of the foundation walls below ground level. Then the foundation work is finished by providing anchoring sills.

That is the case of a wooden building. In the case of a brick structure, the building of the walls may be directly proceeded with. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent from settlement. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework.

It carries the loads which are imposed on it. To do this work properly and safely the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed and proportioned. The designer determines the size of the walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework.

He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged. The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and bonding them together with mortar. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid and hollow. Besides brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls. When doors or windows are to be made, a lintel is usually inserted in the wall above the opening.

The entrance leading into the house from the street is called the front door, from the yard – the back door. The window panes are fastened in with the help of glazier’s putty.

Жилье

Дома строят из дерева, кирпича, камня и бетона. Многие новые типы индивидуальных домов строят из камышовых плит, гипсокартонных панелей или деревянных листов. Многие дома строят из сборных блоков (сборные дома). Все части таких домов производят в промышленных масштабах на заводах и собирают на месте. Строительный процесс проходит под контролем мастеров и инженеров.

Строение возводится каменщиками, плотниками, штукатурами, сантехниками, малярами, слесарями, стекольщиками и т.д. При строительстве дома первым делом необходимо тщательно обследовать участок и изучить грунт, чтобы определить его несущую способность. Далее происходит разметка. После этого закладывается фундамент. Проводят земляные работы и строится фундамент, а затем — фактическое строительство фундаментных стен ниже уровня земли. Затем фундаментные работы завершаются установкой анкерных подоконников. Так происходит строительство деревянного здания. В случае кирпичного здания можно сразу приступить к возведению стен. Фундаменты должны предохранять пол и стены от контакта с почвой, защищать от мороза и предотвращать оседание. Часть, от которой зависит устойчивость конструкции, — это каркас. Он несет на себе возложенные на него нагрузки. Для правильного и безопасного выполнения этой работы необходимо правильно спроектировать и подобрать полы, стены, крыши и другие части конструкции. Дизайнер определяет размер стен, балок перекрытия и деталей, составляющих каркас.

Он также решает, как они должны быть расположены. Строительство стены заключается в укладке рядов кирпичей и их соединении раствором. Стены сконструированы так, чтобы ограждать участки и выдерживать вес полов и крыш. Стены могут быть сплошными и пустотелыми. Кроме кирпича, для возведения стен используются камень, бетон и другие натуральные и искусственные материалы. При изготовлении дверей или окон в стену над проемом обычно вставляют перемычку.

Вход, ведущий в дом с улицы, называется парадной, со двора – задней дверью. Оконные стекла крепятся с помощью шпатлевки.

1.What materials are houses built of? Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete.

2. Where are the parts of houses built of prefabricated blocks produced on? A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks (prefabs). All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot.
3. What are the steps in the construction of a wooden building? In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next, the building lines are staked out. After this, the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the actual building of the foundation walls below ground level. Then the foundation work is finished by providing anchoring sills. That is the case of a wooden building.
4. Who supervises the building structure? The building process takes place under the supervision of foremen and engineers.
5. Who puts up the building process? The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, locksmiths, glass-cutters, etc.
6. What are the steps in the construction of a brick structure? In the case of a brick structure, the building of the walls may be directly proceeded with. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent from settlement. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework.

It carries the loads which are imposed on it. To do this work properly and safely the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed and proportioned. The designer determines the size of the walls, the floor joists, the beams, the girders and the parts which make up the framework.

7. What natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls? Besides brick, stone, concrete and other natural and artificial materials are used for the construction of walls.