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The kingdom of England originated in the 10th century. It was created when the West Saxon kings extended their power over southern Britain. The oldest human remains so far found in England date from about 500,000 years ago, and belonged to a six-foot tall man of the species Homo heidelbergensis. Shorter, stockier Neanderthals visited Britain between 300,000 and 35,000 years ago, followed by the direct ancestors of modern humans.

Great Britain occupies a large island to the West of Europe. To the east of Great Britain is the North Sea, to the west — the Atlantic Ocean and to the south — the English Channel. The climate of the country is mildand the winters are warm, the summers are cool and the weather is very changeable. The seas around the British Isles are always free from ice, even in the coldest winter; therefore all the ports are open all the year round. There are many rivers and beautiful lakes in the country. Many of rivers are connected by canals. There are about 320,000 known species of plants, of which the great majority, some 260–290 thousand, produce seeds. Britain’s top 30 favourite flowers are roses, lilies, tulip, dffodil, sunflower, orchid, carnation, bluebell.

Great Britain is not very rich in natural resources and its economy greatly depends on foreign trade. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. Ship­building, machine building, electronic engineering are the main branches of Great Britain’s industry. The UK has a variety of natural resources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, limestone, chalk, gypsum, silica, rock salt, china clay, iron ore, tin, silver, gold, lead.