Find in part 1 of the text English equivalents for the following words and phrases

A young technology, to crisscross the globe, a system with two main components, to carry terabits of information, include everything beginning with… finishing with, a malleable system, to make up the backbone of the Internet, a route of traffic, the transmission lines, to complete tasks, common set of protocols, to understand one another.

Transcribe and learn to read the following words:

technology [tekˈnɒləʤɪ], component [kəmˈpəʊnənt], support [səˈpɔːt], malleable [ˈmælɪəbl], client [ˈklaɪənt], satellite [ˈsæt(ɪ)laɪt], meaningful [ˈmiːnɪŋf(ə)l].

Write the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle of the verbs:

Create created created, make made made, understand understood understood, include included included, carry carried carried, leave left left, stay stayed stayed, seek sought sought, send sent sent, follow followed followed, take took taken, happen happened happened.

Find in part 1 of text 1 synonyms to the following words and word combinations:

to fancy – to imagine, to reach – to crisscross, earth — globe, element — component, to comprise – to include, mobile phone – cell phone, machine – a device, to produce – to create, all over the world –around the world, to look for – to follow, way — set, to perform – to understand, to forward information – to send information, manner — method.

Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

Hardware a) Machine that stores information on the Internet.

Client c) End point.

Server d) Everything that includes cables, routers, servers, cell phone towers, satellites, radios, srnartphones.

Node e) Element serving as a connecting point along a route of traffic.

Protocol b) Set of rules that machine follows to complete tasks.

 

Translate the passages in writing.

A) The Internet is a malleable system — it changes in little ways as elements join and leave networks around the world. Some of those elements may stay fairly static and make up the backbone of the Internet. Others are more peripheral.

B) Protocols are sets of rules that machines follow to complete tasks. Without a common set of protocols that all machines connected to the Internet must follow, communication between devices couldn’t happen. The various machines would be unable to understand one another or even send information in a meaningful way. The protocols provide both the method and a common language for machines to use to transmit data.

A) Интернет — гибкая система — она мало меняется по мере того, как элементы присоединяются к сетям по всему миру и покидают их. Некоторые из этих элементов могут оставаться довольно статичными и составлять основу Интернета. Другие более периферийны.

Б) Протоколы — это наборы правил, которым машины следуют для выполнения задач. Без общего набора протоколов, которым должны следовать все машины, подключенные к Интернету, связь между устройствами невозможна. Различные машины не смогут понимать друг друга или даже передавать информацию осмысленным образом. Протоколы предоставляют как метод, так и общий язык для машин, используемых для передачи данных.

Answer the following questions using the information from part 1 of text 1.

How many main components does the Internet have? What are they? The first of those components is hardware. That includes everything from the cables that carry terabits of information every second to the computer sitting in front of you. Other types of hardware that support the Internet include routers, servers, cell phone towers, satellites, radios, smartphones and other devices.

What does hardware include? That includes everything from the cables that carry terabits of information every second to the computer sitting in front of you.

How do we call end points? We call those end points clients.

What are servers? Machines that store the information we seek on the Internet are servers.

What function do nodes perform? Other elements are nodes which serve as a connecting point along a route of traffic.

Can you give examples of physical transmission lines? And then there are the transmission lines which can be physical, as in the case of cables and fiber optics, or they can be wireless signals from satellites, cell phones or 4G towers, or radios.

What are protocols? Protocols are sets of rules that machines follow to complete tasks.

What do the protocols provide? Without a common set of protocols that all machines connected to the Internet must follow, communication between devices couldn’t happen.

Look through part 1 of text I and mark the statements as true (T) or false (F). If you think a statement is false, change it to make it true.

Even though the Internet is an ancient technology, it’s hard to imagine life without it now. FALSE. Even though the Internet is still a young technology, it’s hard to imagine life without it now.

To understand the Internet, we should look at it as a system with three main components. FALSE. To understand the Internet, it helps to look at it as a system with two main components.

The first component includes everything from cables to computers. TRUE.

The Internet is an inflexible system -it doesn’t change at all as elements join and leave networks. FALSE. The Internet is a malleable system — it changes in little ways as elements join and leave networks around the world.

Connections are peripheral elements. TRUE.

Computers, smartphones, tablets are called clients. TRUE.

Servers are machines that serve as a connecting point along a route of traffic. FALSE. Machines that store the information we seek on the Internet are servers.

Hardware can easily create a network without protocols. FALSE. The protocols provide both the method and a common language for machhaes to use to transmit data.

All the machines connected to the Internet must follow the protocols to complete tasks. TRUE.

The protocols provide only the method for machines to transmit data. FALSE. The protocols provide both the method and a common language for machhaes to use to transmit data.

Make summary of part 1 of text 1 using opening phrases on pages 336-337.

The text has the title “HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK?”

At the beginning, the author tells us that the Internet is still a young technology. He notes that engineers create more devices to integrate with the Internet.

In order to understand the Internet, it helps to look at it as a system with two main components. The first of those components is hardware and it includes everything from the cables to a computer. Other types of hardware that support the Internet include routers, servers, cell phone towers, satellites, radios, smartphones and other devices. However, all these devices together create the network of networks. It is important that the Internet is a malleable.

Moreover, some of those elements may stay fairly static and others are more peripheral.

Machines that store the information we seek on the Internet are servers. All of this hardware wouldn’t create a network without the second component of the Internet: the protocols. The author tells us that protocols are sets of rules that machines follow to complete tasks. The various machines would be unable to understand one another or even send information in a meaningful way.

I find the text interesting and informative.

Read the text below. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense-aspect form.

Early Networks In 1978, engineers began to look at ways to connect ARPANET to the packet radio network. A packet radio network connected computers through radio transmitters and receivers Instead of sending data across phone lines, the computers used radio waves. It took three years, but in 1976 engineers successfully connected the two networks.

Technicians joined the Satellite Network (SATNET) to the other two networks in 1977. They called the connection between multiple networks inter-networking, or the Internet for short.

Other early computer networks soon joined. They (to include) USENET, BITNET, CSNET and NSFNET.

In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed a system designed to simplify navigation on the Internet. In time, this system became known as the World Wide Web. It did not take long for some people to mistakenly identify the Internet and the Web as the same thing, The Internet was a global interconnection of computer networks; the World Wide Web was a way to navigate this massive network, In sailing terms, it’s like comparing an ocean to a ship.

Most early Internet users were government and military employees, graduate students and computer scientists. Using the World Wide Web, the Internet became much more accessible. Colleges and universities began to connect to the Internet, and businesses soon followed.  By 1994, Internet commerce became a reality.

Today, the Internet is more complex than ever. It connects computers, satellites, mobile devices and other gadgets together in a massive network millions of times more intricate than the original ARPANET.

a) Provide definitions to the words and word combinations in bold type.

ARPANET  Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

BITNET The name BITNET originally meant «Because It’s There Network», but it eventually came to mean «Because It’s Time Network».

b) Summarize the text in 5-6 sentences (use opening phrases on pages 336-337).

The title of the text is “Early Networks”. The author of the text is Jonathan Strickland. The main idea of the text is to tell us about the history of networks.

The author begins by telling us about ARPANET. Then he tells about SATNET, BITNET and other systems.

To sum up, the Internet today is more complex than ever. I find the text interesting.

 

Put the operations in the order that you do them (variations are possible)

connect to your ISP

launch your browser (for example, Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator or Mozilla Firefox)

enter a web address (also known as a URL) into the address field

perhaps wait for a few seconds while the web-page downloads

view the page

close down your browser

disconnect from the internet

 

Translate the following text into English.

Интернет как сеть сетей

Сеть Интернет можно описать как огромную цифровую магистраль-систему, связывающую миллионы компьютеров, подключённых к тысячам сетей по всему миру. Ее яркое прошлое уходит своими корнями в эпоху холодной войны, конец 60-х-начало 70-х годов. Официально можно считать, что Интернет в современном понимании, родился 2 января 1969 года. В этот день были начаты работы над проектом ААРАNЕТ.

Первоначально данные разработки финансировались правительством США, и сеть, ставшая предшественницей Интернета, была специально спроектирована таким образом, чтобы обеспечивать коммуникации между правительственными узлами в том случае, если часть ее выйдет из строя в результате ядерной атаки.

Применяемый в ней алгоритм управления передачей информации (межсетевой протокол) был разработан так, чтобы компьютеры всех видов могли совместно использовать сетевые средства и непосредственно друг с другом как одна эффективно интегрированная компьютерная сеть.

Internet as a network of networks

The Internet can be described as a huge digital backbone system that links millions of computers connected to thousands of networks around the world. Its bright past is rooted in the Cold War era, late 60s-early 70s. Officially, we can assume that the Internet in the modern sense was born on January 2, 1969. On this day, work began on the AARANET project.

These developments were originally funded by the US government, and the network that became the predecessor of the Internet was specifically designed to allow communications between government nodes in the event that a portion of it fails in a nuclear attack.

The information transfer control algorithm (Internet Protocol) used in it was developed so that computers of all kinds could share network facilities and directly with each other as one efficiently integrated computer network.