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Найдите по словарю значения заданных слов, встречающихся в тексте, постарайтесь их запомнить:

state, matter, molecule, to subdivide, division, further, particle, fundamental, definite, attraction, to combine, to contain, liquid, solid, heavy, however, vibration, shape, to heat, to vibrate, to expand, to move, substance, steam, mean.

Прочитайте внимательно текст, обратив внимание на пояснения, постарайтесь понять его и выполните задания к тексту письменно.

States of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases.

To understand the various states of matter and their connection to each other, we must understand the meaning of the word molecule.

We can divide a piece of material into small parts and then subdivide each of these small parts into still smaller parts. We shall continue this process of division until the parts become very, very small. In the end they will become so small that it will be impossible to divide them further. We call these smallest particles atoms. They are the fundamental building blocks of all materials and they have a definite attraction for each other.

Atoms combine into molecules and molecules may contain one, two, three and more atoms. In metals there is only one atom in a molecule, for example.

The molecules of a solid are very close together and have a great attraction for each other. The closer they are together, the heavier is the solid; however, the molecules are in state of continual vibration. In this state their attraction for each other is very great, and that is why it is very difficult to change the shape of a solid.

Now, if we heat the solid, the molecules begin to vibrate more and more and therefore there is less attraction for each other. Thus, a solid expands when we heat it. When the molecules are quite far apart from each other, the solid changes into a liquid.

If we continue to heat the liquid, the molecules begin to vibrate so strongly and they move so far apart from each other that they will have very little attraction for each other. Now the liquid becomes a gas which has no definite size.

The three states of matter – solid, liquid and gaseous – are very close to each other and more heat or less heat will change the substance from one state to the other. Ice, water and steam are examples of this change of state.

Пояснения к тексту:

have a great attraction for each other – сильно притягивают друг друга

They move so far apart from each other – они так далеко отодвигаются друг от друга

I Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словосочетаниям:

состояние материи state of matter

процесс деления process of division

невозможно дальше делить их impossible to divide them further

основные строительные блоки the fundamental building blocks

очень близко расположены друг к другу are very close together

очень трудно изменить форму it is very difficult to change the shape

таким образом Thus

так сильно so strongly

не имеет определённого размера has no definite size

II Дайте ответы на вопросы к тексту по-английски.

1. What must we understand the meaning of the word molecule for?    To understand the various states of matter and their connection to each other, we must understand the meaning of the word molecule.
2. What particles are the fundamental building blocks of all materials? The smallest particles atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all materials and they have a definite attraction for each other.
3. How many atoms may molecule contain?  Atoms combine into molecules and molecules may contain one, two, three and more atoms.
4. What attraction for each other do the molecules of solids have?  The molecules of a solid are very close together and have a great attraction for each other.
5. Why is it difficult to change the shape of a solid? The closer they are together, the heavier is the solid; however, the molecules are in state of continual vibration. In this state their attraction for each other is very great, and that is why it is very difficult to change the shape of a solid.
6. What happened to molecules when we heat the solid? Now, if we heat the solid, the molecules begin to vibrate more and more and therefore there is less attraction for each other.
7. When does a solid change into liquid? When the molecules are quite far apart from each other, the solid changes into a liquid.
8. When does a liquid become a gas?  If we continue to heat the liquid, the molecules begin to vibrate so strongly and they move so far apart from each other that they will have very little attraction for each other. Now the liquid becomes a gas which has no definite size.
9. What is the example of such change of state? Ice, water and steam are examples of this change of state.

III Переведите последние три абзаца текста на русский язык.

Сейчас если мы нагреваем твердое вещество, молекулы начинают вибрировать больше и больше и поэтому сильно притягивают друг друга. Поэтому, твердое вещество расширяется при нагревании. Когда молекулы находятся на довольно далеком расстоянии друг от друга, твердое вещество превращается в жидкость.

Если мы продолжим нагревать жидкость, то молекулы начинают так сильно вибрировать и они так далеко отодвигаются друг от друга, что мало притягивают друг друга.  Сейчас жидкость становится газом, который не имеет определенного размера.

Три состояния вещества – твердое вещество, жидкость и газ – очень близки друг к другу и если нагревать вещество больше или меньше, то теплота превратит вещество из одного состояния в другое. Лед, вода и пар являются примерами такого изменения состояния.