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Упр. 1. Эквиваленты Модальных Глаголов

(A) Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните те эквиваленты, которые можно заменить модальными глаголами.

1. The damaged train will have to be shunted onto a side line.
2. In Japan, the passengers on the commuter trains aren’t allowed to use their cellular telephones as they are shouting too loud and disturbing others.
3. Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s. Until this time, the trains had to stop for meals at restaurants along the way.
4. All the materials used for the interior finishing of railway cars are to comply with fire safety standards.
5. At the large railway terminal, passengers are able to book hotel or transport; to buy tickets for sporting and cultural events; to telephone or send mail to anywhere in the world; to hold a business meeting; to obtain information of interest, etc.

1. Поврежденный поезд должен быть зашунтирован на боковую линию.
2. В Японии пассажирам пригородных поездов не разрешается пользоваться сотовыми телефонами, поскольку они кричат слишком громко и мешают другим пассажирам.
3. Вагоны-рестораны впервые появились в конце 1870-х годов. До этого времени поезда должны были останавливаться по пути для обеда в ресторанах.
4. Все материалы, используемые для внутренней отделки железнодорожных вагонов, должны соответствовать стандартам пожарной безопасности.
5. На большом железнодорожном вокзале пассажиры могут забронировать гостиницу или транспорт; купить билеты на спортивные и культурные мероприятия; позвонить или отправить почту в любую точку мира; провести деловую встречу; получать интересующую информацию и т. д.

(B). Заполните пропуски соответствующими эквивалентами модальных глаголов.

Упр. 2. Герундий

Перепишите предложения и переведите их.

1. An unusual locomotive designed for running on ice was developed in Great Britain in the 18^th It was sent to Russia for carrying freight on sledges across frozen lakes.
2. Diesel locos are capable of working for a long time without refueling.
3. The first steps in designing automatic engine driver for heavy high-speed trains were made in 1960s.
4. The method of joining the rails together by means of welding is used for reducing the number of joints.

1. Необычный локомотив, созданный для движения по льду, был разработан в Великобритании в 18 веке. Он был отправлен в Россию для перевозки грузов на санях через замерзшие озера.
2. Тепловозы могут долгое время работать без дозаправки.
3. Первые шаги в разработке автоматического привода двигателя для тяжелых скоростных поездов были сделаны в 1960-х годах.
4. Способ соединения рельсов с помощью сварки используется для уменьшения количества стыков.

Упр. 3. Ing-Формы

       Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing. Подчеркните причастие одной чертой, а герундий – двумя.

1. Switches are used for directing a train onto another section of track, for example, a siding line or a parallel running
2. Engineers are trying to find the ways of reducing the cost of electrifying
3. The Moscow railway junction, the largest terminal in our country, is equipped with up-to-date devices providing coordinated operation of all the services.
4. While testing the new locomotive, both driver and the engineer noticed malfunctioning of the motor.

1. Переключатели используются для направления поезда на другой участок пути, например, на боковую линию или параллельную линию движения.
2. Инженеры пытаются найти способы снижения затрат на электрификацию железных дорог.
3. Московский железнодорожный узел, крупнейший терминал в нашей стране, оснащен современными устройствами, обеспечивающими единую работу всех служб.
4. При испытании нового локомотива и водитель, и инженер заметили неисправность двигателя.

       Упр. 4. Атрибутивные Словосочетания

       Перепишите данные словосочетания и переведите их, обращая внимание на правила перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1. центр управления движением
2. система очистки топлива
3. стоимость строительства железной дороги
4. грузоподъемность пути
5. увеличение веса поезда
6. производство высококачественной стали
7. длина железнодорожного тоннеля
8. срок доставки товара

       Упр. 5. Задайте альтернативные вопросы к следующим предложениям.

1. James Watt invented the first stationary steam engine in 1763.
2. Tank cars are divided into several types depending on the number of axis, load capacity and tank volume.
3. The departure of the train had been delayed because of the accident.
4. The construction of the first railway lines in Japan was guided by English engineers.
5. The government plans to increase the amount of freight carried by rail.
6. The next train to arrive at platform № 2 will be the 7:00 to Chicago.

1. Did James Watt invent the first stationary steam engine in 1763 or in 1755?
2. Are tank cars divided into several types depending on the number of axis or on load capacity and tank volume?
3. Had the departure of the train been delayed because of the accident or because of the people?
4. Was the construction of the first railway lines in Japan guided by English engineers or by French engineers?
5. Does the government plan to increase the amount of freight carried by rail or by road?
6. Will the next train to arrive at platform № 2 be the 7:00 to Chicago or to New York?

       Упр. 6. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выполните упражнения, данные после текста, письменно.

The First Transcontinental Railroad

(1) Talk of a transcontinental railroad started in 1830, shortly after steam-powered railroads were invented in Great Britain and began to be introduced into the United States. This talk intensified as railroad technology advanced.

(2) In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for two railroad companies to build a railroad that stretches across the entire continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. This railroad was to promote growth of settlements in the western United States. Before the railroad was built, people had to travel to the west on horseback or in horse-drawn wagons. This journey took months. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad, people could travel across the United States in a matter of hours. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad Companies were to build the first transcontinental railroad. The Central Pacific was to start construction of the railroad in Sacramento, California, and build east. The Union Pacific was to start construction in Omaha, Nebraska and build west. When the two railroad companies met, the transcontinental railroad would be completed.

(3) To build the railroad, the two companies had to raise enormous sums of money. The government lent them millions of dollars. It also gave them twenty miles of public land for every mile of track they laid. With the guarantees of money from the government and the chance to get free land, the railroad companies attracted many investors. The Central Pacific began construction in 1863. The Union Pacific laid its first rail in July 1865.

(4) The Central Pacific Railroad Company faced a problem. They didn’t have enough employees to build the railroad. Many of their railroad workers had left their jobs to try to find gold during a gold rush. Although the companies preferred American workers, they had to hire several Chinese workers. They found that the Chinese were efficient, fearless, and hard working. They also followed their own customs, which ended up being good for the railroad company. They boiled water and drank hot tea. The American workers drank cold water, which was often plague-infected¹. Because the Chinese boiled their water to make tea, the bacteria were killed and they rarely got sick. Pleased with the Chinese workers, the railroad companies hired thousands of them from China.

(5) By May 1869, the Central Pacific Company had laid 690 miles of track and 1,086 miles of track had been laid by Union Pacific. Only a short distance separated the two tracks from their meeting place in Promontory, Utah. On May 10, about 3,000 government and railroad officials, railroad workers, spectators, and journalists attended the ceremony of the completion of the first transcontinental road. A band played as a Chinese crew and an Irish crew laid the last section of the track. The last railroad spike was set in place, completing the railroad. It was called the golden spike, and was actually made of pure gold.

(6) However, although eastern and western railroads had met, the transcontinental railroad was not yet coast-to-coast. It was not until September 1869, that the Mossdale bridge across the San Joaquin River, California was completed. This drawbridge was the final section of the Union Pacific-Central Pacific line, the first railroad crossing the entire country. By 1895, four more U.S. lines stretching across the continent had been built. Now people could travel across the nation at an incredible speed.

Note: ¹plague-infected – заражённый чумой

       Упр. 7. Перепишите 2, 3 абзацы текста и письменно переведите их.

(2) В 1862 году Конгресс принял законопроект, согласно которому две железнодорожные компании должны были построить железную дорогу, которая идет по всему континенту, от Атлантического океана до Тихого океана. Эта железная дорога должна была способствовать росту поселений на западе США. До строительства железной дороги людям приходилось ехать на запад верхом или в конных повозках. Это путешествие занимало месяцы. После завершения строительства трансконтинентальной железной дороги люди могли путешествовать по Соединенным Штатам в течение нескольких часов. Железнодорожные компании Central Pacific и Union Pacific Railroad должны были построить первую трансконтинентальную железную дорогу. Компания «Central Pacific» должна была начать строительство железной дороги в Сакраменто, штат Калифорния, и построить на востоке. Компания «Union Pacific» должна был начать строительство в Омахе, штат Небраска, и построить на западе. Когда две железнодорожные компании встретились, строительство трансконтинентальной железной дороги было завершено.

(3) Чтобы построить железную дорогу, две компании должны были собрать огромные суммы денег. Правительство дало им в долг миллионы долларов. Оно также предоставило им в пользование двадцать миль общественной земли на каждую милю пути, который они проложили. Благодаря денег от правительства и возможности получить бесплатную землю, железнодорожные компании привлекли многих инвесторов. Компания «Central Pacific» начала строительство в 1863 году. Компания «Union Pacific» положила свой первый рельс в июле 1865 года.

       Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих фраз:

1. по мере развития технологии
2. способствовать увеличению количества поселений
3. столкнуться с проблемой
4. золотая лихорадка
5. соблюдать обычаи
6. в конечном итоге оказалось полезным
7. небольшое расстояние отделяло две железные дороги от места состыковки
8. последний участок пути
9. протянуться через континент
10. с невероятной скоростью

1. as technology advanced
2. to promote growth of settlements
3. to face a problem
4. gold rush
5. to follow customs
6. ended up being good
7. a short distance separated the two tracks from their meeting place
8. a last track
9. to stretch across the continent
10. with incredible speed

       Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Если утверждение соответствует содержанию текста, напишите «True», если не соответствует – «False». Исправьте неверные утверждения.

1. In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for the Central Pacific Company to build the high-speed Boston-Washington railroad. FALSE. In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for two railroad companies to build a railroad that stretches across the entire continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
2. The new railroad was to promote economic development in the western US. FALSE. This railroad was to promote growth of settlements in the western United States.
3. To build the Union Pacific-Central Pacific line, a lot of money had to be raised.TRUE
4. Crowds of people attended the ceremony of the completion of the Mossdale bridge on May 10, 1869 in Promontory, Utah. FALSE. It was not until September 1869, that the Mossdale bridge across the San Joaquin River, California was completed.
5. The Union Pacific-Central Pacific line was the first railroad to connect the country’s southern and northern parts. FALSE. The Central Pacific was to start construction of the railroad in Sacramento, California, and build east. The Union Pacific was to start construction in Omaha, Nebraska and build west.

       Упр. 10. Из четырёх предложенных вариантов, выберите правильный ответ на вопрос к тексту.

1. When was the idea of a transcontinental railroad proposed?
2. after steam powered railways appeared in the old world
3. after the U.S. Congress passed a bill to construct the railway
4. after the first steam locomotives were brought to California
5. after the Central Pacific Railroad Company was founded

2. Why could the transcontinental railroad promote growth of settlements?
3. because there would be more goods to sell and buy
4. because people could quickly travel across the continent
5. because horses could be used on the farms more efficiently
6. because people could choose various means of transport to travel from coast to coast

3. What major problem did the Central Pacific Railroad Company face?
4. the government refused to invest money in construction
5. railways engineers had no experience in laying railway tracks
6. there were not enough workers to build the railroad
7. they didn’t have track machines used in railway construction

4. Why did the companies hire the Chinese to work on the railroad?
5. because they didn’t speak English
6. because they were not afraid of difficulties and were hard-working
7. because they didn’t complain about working and housing conditions
8. because they followed their customs

5. Why was the last railroad spike called the golden spike?
6. because it looked like gold
7. because it was covered with gold
8. because it was made of gold
9. because it was very expensive