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Задание 1.

1. Sales revenue does not generally flow evenly. Present Simple Active.
2. Such credit purchases have been paid for thirty days after the transaction. Present Perfect Passive.
3. If you are buying government securities or bonds, you are taking the risk the price may fall. Present Continuous Active. Present Continuous Active.
4. Businesses essential items such as food are little affected in a period of inflation. Present Simple Passive.

1. Доход от продаж, как правило, не одинаковый.
2. Такие покупки в кредит оплачиваются в течение тридцати дней после транзакции.
3. Если вы покупаете государственные ценные бумаги или облигации, то вы рискуете, что цена может упасть.
4. На предметы первой необходимости, такие как продукты питания, инфляция практически не оказала влияния.

Задание 2.

1. The borrowed money is used to buy materials and supplies, to pay wages and rent, and to cover inventory costs until the goods are sold. Часть глагола-сказуемого. Часть глагола-сказуемого.
2. The need to purchase a new facility or expand an existing facility may require more money. Определение.
3. Having this information management worked out time and method for each job and the type of the equipment used. Обстоятельство, определение.
4. Material resources are physical materials and equipment used by an organization to make a product. Определение.
5. Заемные деньги используются для покупки материалов и предметов снабжения, для выплаты заработной платы и арендной платы, а также для покрытия расходов на инвентарь до тех пор, пока товар не будет продан.
6. Для покупки нового объекта или расширения существующего объекта может потребоваться больше денег.
7. Имея эту информацию, руководство разработало время и метод для каждого вида работы и типа используемого оборудования.
8. Материальные ресурсы — это физические материалы и оборудование, используемые организацией для производства продукта.

Задание 3.

1. The income from sales could be used to finance the firm’s continuing operations.
2. The amounts of long-term financing needed by large firms can be very great.
3. The market is to decide how much to produce.
4. The firms earning higher revenues should spend more money on new technologies.
5. Доходы от продаж могут быть использованы для финансирования продолжающейся деятельности фирмы.
6. Объемы долгосрочного финансирования, которые нужны крупным фирмам, могут быть очень большими.
7. Рынок должен решать, сколько производить.
8. Фирмы, получающие более высокие доходы, должны тратить больше денег на новые технологии.

Задание 4.

1. There are a number of ways in which a government can organize its economy and type of system chosen is critical in shaping environment in which businesses operate.
2. The state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead.
3. Industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet.
4. Nations do not have to waste resources duplicating production.
5. Any profits that am made are paid to the government.
6. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what produce.
7. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people’s taste, and fashions.
8. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changing demand.
9. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased.
10. I. Существует много способов, с помощью которых правительство может организовать свою экономику, и выбранный тип системы имеет решающее значение для формирования среды, в которой работают предприятия.
11. Государство решает, что именно должны производить люди. Оно обычно планирует на пять лет вперед.
12. Отрасли промышленности попросили соблюдать эти планы, и каждая отрасль и завод ставят перед собой производственные цели.
13. Люди не должны тратить ресурсы, дублируя производство.
14. Любая полученная прибыль выплачивается правительству.
15. Основная проблема, с которой сталкиваются командная или плановая экономика, заключается в том, чтобы решить, что производить.
16. Командная экономика, как правило, медленно реагирует на изменения предпочтений людей и моды.
17. Планировщики, скорее всего, не будут производить некоторые товары, так как они не могут предсказать изменение спроса.
18. Планировщики боятся производить товары и услуги, если они не уверены, что купят большие партии.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

1. There are a number of ways in which government can organize its economy and the type of system chosen is critical in shaping environment in which businesses operate.

An economic system is quite simply the way a country uses available resources (land workers, natural resources, machinery etc.) to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants for goods and services. The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country’s citizens. There are three main economic systems: planned economics, command economics and mixed economics.

2. Planned Economics

Planned economics are sometimes called «command economics» because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as its own factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions, the government decides production and consumption.

Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead.

Secondly. industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If the factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its target as set out in the five-year plans.

3. A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple operate. It, however, has a number of advantages:
4. a) Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.
5. b) Nations do not have to waste resources duplicating production.
6. c) The state can use its control of the economy to divert resources to whatever it wants. As a result, it can ensure that everyone receives a good education, proper health or that transport is available. Several disadvantages also exist. It is these disadvantages that have led to many nations abandoning planned economies over recent years:
7. d) There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in panned economics.
8. e) Any profits that are made are paid to the government.
9. f) Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward.
10. g) As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient.
11. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to under produce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.

Задание 5.

1. What does the standard of living depend on? The more goods and services that can be produced from these limited resources, the higher the standard of living enjoyed by the country’s citizens.
2. Why does a planned economy can be also called a command economy? Planned economics are sometimes called «command economics» because the state commands the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as its own factories, land and natural resources.
3. Who ensures good education and health and transport service to people in a planned economy? The state ensures good education and health and transport service to people in a planned economy.
4. Industries in planned economies can be very inefficient. Why is it so? Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas rarely come forward. As a result, industries in planned economies can be very inefficient.
5. What leads to delays and queues for some products? Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.