I.Прочтите текст и будьте готовы выполнить задания.

  Crime Prevention

  The need to address crime is as old as civilization itself. And, while we have always struggled with whether to punish or rehabilitate criminal activity, there has never been any question that the best alternative to «illegal» behaviour is prevention.

Prevention as a basis for policing was first formulated in England with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829. In 1829 Sir Richard Mayne, one of the founders of Scotland Yard* wrote: «The primary object of an efficient police is the prevention of crime and detection and punishment of offenders if crime is committed. To these ends all the efforts of police must be directed. The protection of life and property, the preservation of public tranquillity, and the absence of crime, will alone prove whether those efforts have been successful and whether the objects for which the police were appointed have been attained». He considered the prevention of crime to be the ultimate goal of the organized police force and the prevention philosophy to be translated into practice. Thus, English law enforcement officials chose not to arm themselves. Armament was viewed as a reaction to crime, not a way to prevent it. In attaining the above mentioned objects much depends on the approval and cooperation of the public, and these have always been determined by the degree of esteem and respect in which the police are held.

  Therefore, every member of the police must remember that it is his duty to protect and help members of the public, no less than to bring offenders to justice. So, for every member of the police to prevent crimes and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy .

  In recent years, contact between the police and the community has strengthened. Nowadays most of the public realize that crime prevention is:

  * everyone’s business

  * more than security

  * a responsibility of all levels of government

  * linked with solving social problems

  * cost-effective.

 Crime prevention requires:

  * a central position in law enforcement

  * cooperation by all elements of the community

  * education

  * tailoring to local needs and conditions

  * continual testing and improvement.

Crime prevention improves the quality of life for every community and its residents.

  British police activity in crime prevention takes the form of patrolling and assisting the public in crime prevention.

Предотвращение преступления

  Необходимость борьбы с преступностью такая же давняя, как и сама цивилизация. И хотя мы всегда боролись с тем, наказывать или реабилитировать преступную деятельность, никогда не возникало сомнений в том, что лучшей альтернативой «незаконному» поведению является профилактика.

Профилактика как основа полицейской деятельности была впервые сформулирована в Англии с принятием Закона о столичной полиции 1829 года. В 1829 году сэр Ричард Мейн, один из основателей Скотланд-Ярда, писал: «Главной задачей эффективной полиции является предотвращение преступления и раскрытия и наказания преступников, если преступление совершено. На эти цели должны быть направлены все усилия полиции. Защита жизни и имущества, сохранение общественного спокойствия и отсутствие преступности сами по себе докажут, имеют ли эти усилия были успешными и были ли достигнуты цели, ради которых была назначена полиция». Он считал предотвращение преступности конечной целью организованных полицейских сил, а философию предотвращения необходимо претворять в жизнь. Таким образом, английские правоохранители предпочли не вооружаться. Вооружение рассматривалось как реакция на преступление, а не как способ его предотвращения. В достижении вышеупомянутых целей многое зависит от одобрения и сотрудничества общественности, а они всегда определялись степенью уважения и почтения, которыми пользуется полиция.

  Поэтому каждый сотрудник полиции должен помнить, что его обязанность защищать и помогать представителям общественности не меньше, чем привлекать правонарушителей к ответственности. Итак, чтобы каждый сотрудник полиции предотвращал преступления и арестовывал преступников, он должен смотреть на себя как на слугу и опекуна народа и относиться ко всем законопослушным гражданам, независимо от их расы, цвета кожи, вероисповедания или социального положения, с осторожностью. неизменное терпение и вежливость.

  В последние годы контакты между полицией и общественностью укрепились. В настоящее время большинство населения осознает, что профилактика преступности – это:

  *дело каждого

  * больше, чем безопасность

  * ответственность всех уровней власти

  * связан с решением социальных проблем

  * экономически эффективным.

 Предупреждение преступности требует:

  * центральная должность в правоохранительных органах

  * сотрудничество всех элементов сообщества

  * образование

  * адаптация к местным потребностям и условиям

  * постоянное тестирование и улучшение.

Профилактика преступности улучшает качество жизни каждого сообщества и его жителей.

  Деятельность британской полиции по предупреждению преступности принимает форму патрулирования и оказания помощи населению в предупреждении преступности.

 

* Scotland Yard – центральное управление полиции и сыскного отделения в Лондоне.

 

II. Выпишете из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и их заменителями. Подчеркните выражение модальности. Предложения переведите письменно.

 

1. To these ends all the efforts of police must be directed.

2. So, for every member of the police to prevent crimes and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy .

3. Therefore, every member of the police must remember that it is his duty to protect and help members of the public, no less than to bring offenders to justice.

1. На эти цели должны быть направлены все усилия полиции.

2. Итак, чтобы каждый сотрудник полиции предотвращал преступления и арестовывал преступников, он должен смотреть на себя как на слугу и опекуна народа и относиться ко всем законопослушным гражданам, независимо от их расы, цвета кожи, вероисповедания или социального положения. , с неизменным терпением и вежливостью .

3. Поэтому каждый сотрудник полиции должен помнить, что его обязанность защищать и помогать представителям общественности не меньше, чем привлекать правонарушителей к ответственности.

 

  III.Выпишете из текста предложения, сказуемое которых стоит в

страдательном залоге. Сказуемое подчеркните, укажите его видо-временную форму. Предложения переведите письменно.

 

1. The protection of life and property, the preservation of public tranquillity, and the absence of crime, will alone prove whether those efforts have been successful and whether the objects for which the police were appointed have been attained«. Past Simple Passive. Present Perfect Passive.

2. Armament was viewed as a reaction to crime, not a way to prevent it. Past Simple Passive.

3. In attaining the above mentioned objects much depends on the approval and cooperation of the public, and these have always been determined by the degree of esteem and respect in which the police are held. Present Perfect Passive.

1. Защита жизни и имущества, сохранение общественного спокойствия и отсутствие преступности сами по себе доказывают, были ли эти усилия успешными и были ли достигнуты цели, ради которых была назначена полиция».

2. Вооружение рассматривалось как реакция на преступление, а не способ его предотвращения.

3. В достижении вышеупомянутых целей многое зависит от одобрения и сотрудничества общественности, а они всегда определялись степенью уважения и уважения к полиции.

  IV.Выпишете из текста предложения с инфинитивом в функции обстоятельства цели, инфинитив подчеркните, предложения переведите письменно.

 

1. Therefore, every member of the police must remember that it is his duty to protect and help members of the public, no less than to bring offenders to justice.

2. So, for every member of the police to prevent crimes and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy .

1. Поэтому каждый сотрудник полиции должен помнить, что его обязанность защищать и помогать представителям общественности не меньше, чем привлекать правонарушителей к ответственности.

Итак, чтобы каждый сотрудник полиции предотвращал преступления и арестовывал преступников, он должен смотреть на себя как на слугу и опекуна народа и относиться ко всем законопослушным гражданам, независимо от их расы, цвета кожи, вероисповедания или социального положения, с осторожностью. неизменное терпение и вежливость.

V. Выпишете из текста предложения, в которых есть сложное дополнение или сложное подлежащее. Подчеркните их. Предложения переведите письменно.

1. He considered the prevention of crime to be the ultimate goal of the organized police force and the prevention philosophy to be translated into practice.

1. Он считал предотвращение преступности конечной целью организованных полицейских сил, а философию предотвращения необходимо претворять в жизнь.

VI. Выпишете из текста предложения с обстоятельством цели, выраженным инфинитивным комплексом с предлогом FOR. Подчеркните его. Предложения переведите письменно.

So, for every member of the police to prevent crimes and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy .

Итак, чтобы каждый сотрудник полиции предотвращал преступления и арестовывал преступников, он должен смотреть на себя как на слугу и опекуна народа и относиться ко всем законопослушным гражданам, независимо от их расы, цвета кожи, вероисповедания или социального положения, с осторожностью. неизменное терпение и вежливость.

 

  VII. Выпишете из текста предложения, в которых есть конструкция THERE+BE. Подчеркните ее. Предложения переведите письменно.

 

And, while we have always struggled with whether to punish or rehabilitate criminal activity, there has never been any question that the best alternative to «illegal» behaviour is prevention.

И хотя мы всегда боролись с тем, наказывать или реабилитировать преступную деятельность, никогда не возникало сомнений в том, что лучшей альтернативой «незаконному» поведению является профилактика.

VIII. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по содержанию текста. Вопрос и ответ переведите на русский язык письменно.

1. When and where was the prevention of crime as a basis for policing first formulated? Prevention as a basis for policing was first formulated in England with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829.

2. What must the efforts of the police be directed to? To these ends all the efforts of police must be directed.

3. Are English law enforcement officials armed? No, they are not.

4. How was armament viewed? Armament was viewed as a reaction to crime, not a way to prevent it.

5 .What must every member of the police remember? Therefore, every member of the police must remember that it is his duty to protect and help members of the public, no less than to bring offenders to justice.

6. How must every member of the police look on himself? So, for every member of the police to prevent crimes and arrest criminals, he must look on himself as the servant and guardian of the general public and treat all law-abiding citizens, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or social position, with unfailing patience and courtesy .

7. How is crime prevention considered nowadays? He considered the prevention of crime to be the ultimate goal of the organized police force and the prevention philosophy to be translated into practice.

8. What does the prevention of crime require? Crime prevention requires:

  * a central position in law enforcement

  * cooperation by all elements of the community

  * education

  * tailoring to local needs and conditions

  * continual testing and improvement.

9. What does crime prevention improve? Crime prevention improves the quality of life for every community and its residents.

10. What form does British police activity take in crime prevention? British police activity in crime prevention takes the form of patrolling and assisting the public in crime prevention.

 

  IX. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы и будьте готовы

ответить на них устно. Вопрос и ответ переведите на русский язык письменно.

 

1. What are the steps of the criminal justice in the USA? They are

Investigation.

Charging.

Initial Hearing/Arraignment.

Discovery.

Plea Bargaining.

Preliminary Hearing.

Pre-Trial Motions.

Trial.

1. In what cases may an arrest be made without a warrant? Under certain circumstances, police can make an arrest without a warrant so long as they have probable cause to believe the arrestee committed an offense. 

2. What is a felony? In US law, a felony is typically defined as a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty.

3. What is the punishment for a misdemeanor? A misdemeanor is typically a crime punishable by less than 12 months in jail. Community service, probation, fines, and imprisonment for less than a year are commonly issued punishments for misdemeanors. More grievous crimes, felonies, carry stiffer penalties, including jail time of more than 12 months.

4. May the suspect be released without being prosecuted? In what cases? Yes, he may.

5. What does booking include? Booking is the action of making a full or partial financial commitment in advance. 

6. Where does booking take place? It takes place in our life.

7. In what cases are summary trials held? Summary trials can be held only by a District Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class empowered in that behalf, or a Bench of Magistrates empowered under either section 260 or section 261 of the Code. Only offences specified in these sections may be tried by this procedure.

8. What is the purpose of preliminary hearing? The preliminary investigation is the police agency’s first response to a report that a crime has occurred. As in every investigative effort, the primary objective of the preliminary investigation is to determine who committed the crime and to apprehend the offender.

9. Who files formal charges against defendants? Prosecutors can file formal charges against defendants.

10. What phases is the investigation felony usually divided into? They are State Jail Felony; Third Degree Felony; Second Degree Felony; First Degree Felony; and Capital Felony.

11. Are the three phases necessarily separated in time? Yes, they are.

12. What does the identification of the criminal mean? Identification evidence is used by the prosecution in a criminal trial to identify the person who is alleged to have committed a crime. 

13. In what way is the identity of the criminal ordinarily discovered? In a criminal case, the prosecution must disclose information that forms the basis of its case.

14. What does primarily the problem lie in if the criminal is unknown? He will look for him.

15. What must be done to prove the guilt of the accused? The prosecutor must prove that the accused is guilty “beyond a reasonable doubt.” At the end of the trial, if the prosecutor has not presented enough evidence, or if the judge or jury still has a reasonable doubt about whether the accused committed the crime, he must be found not guilty.

16. What are the most important phases of a criminal investigation? These include collection, analysis, theory development and validation, suspect identification and forming reasonable grounds, and taking action to arrest, search, and lay charges. In any case, as unpredictable as criminal events may be, the results police investigators aim for are always the same.

17. Why should an officer keep in mind that any article on the crime scene should be handled with great care? An officer keep in mind that any article on the crime scene should be handled with great care, beecause it is very important.

18. What does the term «chain of evidence» define? It is a process and record that shows who obtained the evidence; where and when the evidence was obtained; who secured the evidence; and who had control or possession of the evidence.

19. What types of evidence do you know?

Real Evidence. Real evidence is also known as physical evidence and includes fingerprints, bullet casings, a knife, DNA samples – things that a jury can see and touch.

Demonstrative Evidence.

Documentary Evidence.

Witness Testimony.

 

20. What is physical evidence? In evidence law, physical evidence (also called real evidence or material evidence) is any material object that plays some role in the matter that gave rise to the litigation, introduced as evidence in a judicial proceeding (such as a trial) to prove a fact in issue based on the object’s physical characteristics.

21. In what way is circumstantial evidence different from physical evidence? Testimonial evidence is a statement made under oath. An example would be a witness pointing to someone in the courtroom and saying, “That’s the guy I saw robbing the grocery store.” This is also called direct evidence or prima facie evidence. Physical evidence can be any object or material relevant in a crime.

22. What is the first responsibility of an officer at a crime scene? An policeman is first responsibility of an officer at a crime scene.

What is the aim of preliminary investigation? The preliminary investigation is the police agency’s first response to a report that a crime has occurred. As in every investigative effort, the primary objective of the preliminary investigation is to determine who committed the crime and to apprehend the offender.

23. What are our police created for? Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing.

24. How did the police work during the history of its existence? A police state is term given to a country that is heavily controlled by the state through the use of the police force. In a police state the organisation responsible for controlling the population is often known as the secret police. History is full of examples of these and Nazi Germany was no exception.

What is the aim of police activity? The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their lawful powers include arrest and the use of force legitimized by the state via the monopoly on violence.

25. What departments are police composed of? The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state, with the aim to enforce the law, to ensure the safety, health and possessions of citizens.

26. What is the main responsibility of the Criminal Detection Department? Conducting detailed investigations of criminal activities and other violations of local, federal or state law. Collecting, analyzing and preserving evidence. Directing crime scene investigators and other law enforcement personnel at crime scenes.

27. What are the duties of the officers of the Criminal Investigation Department? To carry out night turn duties as part of the Essex Police CID Night Cadre, commencing serious crime investigations and providing early investigation.

28. When was Interpol founded? Interpol was founded in 1923.

What are the tasks of Interpol? They manage 19 police databases with information on crimes and criminals (from names and fingerprints to stolen passports), accessible in real-time to countries. They offer investigative support such as forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating fugitives around the world.

29. What are the main bodies of Interpol? INTERPOL’s direction and policy are decided by our member countries through our governing bodies: the General Assembly and Executive Committee.

30. Where is the General Secretariat located? The General Secretariat is located in Lyon, France, and operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

31. Whom do we call a white-collar criminal? White-collar crime is generally non-violent in nature and includes public corruption, health care fraud, mortgage fraud, securities fraud, and money laundering, to name a few

32. Who was the first to call public attention to the problem of white-collar crime? It was sociologist Edwin Sutherland.

33. What forms of whit-collar criminality do you know? I know:

Overview.

Report White-Collar Crime.

Corporate Fraud.

Money Laundering.

Securities and Commodities Fraud.

Mortgage and Financial Instiution Fraud.

Intellectual Property Theft/Piracy.

FBI Resources.