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Сознательное, Бессознательное, Предсознательное (Зигмунд Фрейд)

The starting point for this investigation is provided by a fact without parallel, which defies all explanation or description—the fact of consciousness. Nevertheless, if anyone speaks of consciousness, we know immediately and from our own most personal experience what is meant by it. Many people, both inside and outside the science of psychology, are satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental, and nothing then remains for psychology but to discriminate in the phenomenology of the mind between perceptions, feelings, intellective processes and volitions.

It is generally agreed, however, that these conscious processes do not form unbroken series which are complete in themselves; so that there is no alternative to assuming that there are physical or somatic processes which accompany the mental ones and which must admittedly be more complete than the mental series, since some of them have conscious processes parallel to them but others have not. It thus seems natural to lay the stress in psychology upon these somatic processes, to see in them the true essence of what is mental and to try to arrive at some other assessment of the conscious processes. The majority of philosophers, however, as well as many other people, dispute this position and declare that the notion of a mental thing being unconscious is self-contradictory.

But it is precisely this that psychoanalysis is obliged to assert, and this is its second fundamental hypothesis. It explains the supposed somatic accessory processes as being what is essentially mental and disregards for the moment the quality of consciousness….

We are soon led to make an important division in this unconscious. Some processes become conscious easily; they may then cease to be conscious, but can become conscious once more without any trouble: as people say, they can be reproduced or remembered. This reminds us that consciousness is in general a very highly fugitive condition. What is conscious is conscious only for a moment. If our perceptions do not confirm this, the contradiction is merely an apparent one.

It is explained by the fact that the stimuli of perception can persist for some time so that in the course of it the perception of them can be repeated. The whole position can be clearly seen from the conscious perception of our intellective processes; it is true that these may persist, but they may just as easily pass in a flash. Everything unconscious that behaves in this way, that can easily exchange the unconscious condition for the conscious one, is therefore better described as «capable of entering consciousness,» or as preconscious. Experience has taught us that there are hardly any mental processes, even of the most complicated kind, which cannot on occasion remain preconscious, although as a rule they press forward, as we say, into consciousness.

There are other mental processes or mental material which have no such easy access to consciousness, but which must be inferred, discovered, and translated into conscious form in the manner that has been described. It is for such material that we reserve the name of the unconscious proper.

Thus we have attributed three qualities to mental processes: they are either conscious, preconscious, or unconscious. The division between the three classes of material which have these qualities is neither absolute nor permanent. What is preconscious becomes conscious, as we have seen, without any activity on our part; what is unconscious can, as a result of our efforts, be made conscious, though in the process we may have an impression that we are overcoming what are often very strong resistances.

When we make an attempt of this kind upon someone else, we ought not to forget that the conscious filling up of the breaks in his perceptions—the construction which we are offering him—does not so far mean that we have made conscious in him the unconscious material in question. All that is so far true is that the material is present in his mind in two versions, first in the conscious reconstruction that he has just received and secondly in its original unconscious condition.

Отправным пунктом для этого исследования служит факт, не имеющий параллели, который не поддается никакому объяснению или описанию – сознание. Тем не менее, если кто-то говорит о сознании, мы сразу и, исходя из собственного личного, опыта знаем, что это такое. Многие люди, как далекие от психологии, так и занимающиеся этой наукой, согласны с тем, что само сознание является ментальным, и тогда в психологии ничего не остается, кроме того как различать в феноменологии ума между восприятиями, чувствами, интеллектуальными процессами и волей.

В общем все согласны с тем, что эти сознательные процессы не образуют непрерывных рядов, которые сами по себе являются законченными; так что нет никакого предположения относительного того, что существуют ментальные или соматические процессы, которые сопровождают ментальные и которые, по общему признанию, должны быть более полными, чем ментальные ряды, так как у некоторых из них есть параллельные им сознательные процессы, а у других нет таковых.

Таким образом, само собой разумеется в психологии наличие необходимости сделать акцент на этих соматических процессах, увидеть в них истинную сущность ментального и попытаться дать какую-то другую оценку сознательных процессов. Однако многие философы, как и многие другие люди, оспаривают эту позицию и считают, что представление о том, что психическое существо является бессознательным, является внутренне противоречивым.

Но именно это психоанализ утверждает, и это есть его вторая фундаментальная гипотеза. Это объясняет предполагаемые соматические вспомогательные процессы как то, что по сути является ментальным, и игнорирует на данный момент качество сознания …

Вскоре нас заставляют сделать важное разделение в этом бессознательном. Некоторые процессы легко становятся сознательными; тогда они могут перестать быть сознательными, но могут опять стать сознательными без каких-либо проблем: как говорят люди, их можно воспроизвести или запомнить. Это говорит нам о том, что сознание в целом очень подвижное. То, что сознательно, сознательно только на мгновение. Если наши представления не подтверждают это, противоречие является просто очевидным.

Это объясняется тем, что стимулы восприятия могут сохраняться на протяжение какого-то времени, так что в течение них их восприятие может повторяться. Вся позиция ясно видна из сознательного восприятия наших интеллектуальных процессов. Это правда, что они могут сохраняться, но они могут так же легко исчезнуть в одно мгновение. Такое бессознательное, которое может легко заменить бессознательное состояние на сознательное, лучше описывается как «способное войти в сознание» или как предсознательное. Опыт показывает, что едва ли существуют какие-либо психические процессы, даже самые сложные, которые не могут иногда оставаться предсознательными, хотя, как правило, они становятся, как мы говорим, сознанием. Есть и другие ментальные процессы или ментальный материал, которые не имеют такого легкого доступа к сознанию, но которые должны быть выведены, обнаружены и переведены в сознательную форму описанным способом. Именно для такого материала мы оставляем за собой имя бессознательного.

Таким образом, мы имеем три качества психических процессов: они являются сознательными, предсознательными или бессознательными. Разделение на три класса, которые обладают этими качествами, не является ни абсолютным, ни постоянным. То, что предсознательно, становится сознательным, как мы уже видели, без какого-либо участия с нашей стороны; то, что бессознательно, может быть сделано в результате наших усилий сознательным, хотя в процессе у нас может сложиться впечатление, что мы преодолеваем то, что часто является очень сильным сопротивлением.

Когда мы предпринимаем попытку такого рода в отношении кого-то другого, мы не должны забывать, что сознательное заполнение разрывов в его восприятии — конструкция, которую мы предлагаем ему — не означает, что мы сделали сознательное в его рассматриваемый бессознательный материал. Все, что до сих пор верно, — это то, что материал присутствует в его разуме в двух версиях, во-первых, в сознательной реконструкции, которую он только что получил, и во-вторых, в своем первоначальном бессознательном состоянии.

Задание 2.

1. The starting point for this investigation.
2. Сonscious processes.
3. Three qualities to mental processes.

Задание 3.

This text passage is devoted to the problem of conscious, unconscious, preconscious of Sigmund Freud.

The author tells us about that many people are satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental.

The writer informs that conscious processes do not form unbroken series.

He considers that consciousness is in general a very highly fugitive condition

The author mentions that some processes become conscious easily.

He stresses that there are attributed three qualities to mental processes: they are either conscious, preconscious, or unconscious.

To my mind all that is so far true is that the material is present in his mind in two versions.

I agree with the author that when we make an attempt of this kind upon someone else, we ought not to forget that the conscious filling up of the breaks in his perceptions

To sum it up, this text describing conscious, unconscious, preconscious is very instructive and interesting.

Задание 4.

1. What is the starting point for this investigation is provided by?
2. How do we know what is meant by it?
3. What people are satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental?
4. What does the majority of philosophers dispute?
5. What we are soon led to?
6. How do some processes become conscious?
7. What condition is consciousness?
8. From what perception can the whole position be clearly seen?
9. What has experience taught us?
10. How many qualities to mental processes do we have?
11. How many qualities does the division between the three classes of material have?
12. What should we remember when we make an attempt of this kind upon someone else?

1. Do some processes become conscious easily?
2. Have we attributed three qualities to mental processes?

1. Do many people are satisfied or not satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental?
2. Does the majority of philosophers dispute this position or agree with this fact?
3. Are there other mental processes or mental material which have no such easy access to consciousness?

1. Many people, both inside and outside the science of psychology, are satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental, aren’t they?
2. We are soon led to make an important division in this unconscious, aren’t we?

Задание 5.

Some processes become conscious easily; they may (вероятность) then cease to be conscious, but can (возможность) become conscious once more without any trouble: as people say, they can (возможность) be reproduced or remembered.

The whole position can (возможность) be clearly seen from the conscious perception of our intellective processes; it is true that these may (вероятность)  persist, but they may (вероятность) just as easily pass in a flash.

Everything unconscious that behaves in this way, that can (возможность) easily exchange the unconscious condition for the conscious one, is therefore better described as «capable of entering consciousness,» or as preconscious.

Experience has taught us that there are hardly any mental processes, even of the most complicated kind, which cannot (отсутствие возможности) on occasion remain preconscious, although as a rule they press forward, as we say, into consciousness.

There are other mental processes or mental material which have no such easy access to consciousness, but which must (долженствование) be inferred, discovered, and translated into conscious form in the manner that has been described

What is preconscious becomes conscious, as we have seen, without any activity on our part; what is unconscious can, as a result of our efforts, be made conscious, though in the process we may (вероятность) have an impression that we are overcoming what are often very strong resistances.

When we make an attempt of this kind upon someone else, we ought (совет) not to forget that the conscious filling up of the breaks in his perceptions—the construction which we are offering him—does not so far mean that we have made conscious in him the unconscious material in question.

Задание 6.

The starting point for this investigation is provided by a fact without parallel, which defies all explanation or description—the fact of consciousness. Present Simple Passive.

Nevertheless, if anyone speaks of consciousness, we know immediately and from our own most personal experience what is meant by it. Present Simple Passive.

Many people, both inside and outside the science of psychology, are satisfied with the assumption that consciousness alone is mental, and nothing then remains for psychology but to discriminate in the phenomenology of the mind between perceptions, feelings, intellective processes and volitions. Present Simple Passive.

It is generally agreed, however, that these conscious processes do not form unbroken series which are complete in themselves; so that there is no alternative to assuming that there are physical or somatic processes which accompany the mental ones and which must admittedly be more complete than the mental series, since some of them have conscious processes parallel to them but others have not. Present Simple Passive.

But it is precisely this that psychoanalysis is obliged to assert, and this is its second fundamental hypothesis. Present Simple Passive.

We are soon led to make an important division in this unconscious. Present Simple Passive.

Some processes become conscious easily; they may then cease to be conscious, but can become conscious once more without any trouble: as people say, they can be reproduced or remembered.  Модальный глагол + инфинитив.

It is explained by the fact that the stimuli of perception can persist for some time so that in the course of it the perception of them can be repeated. Present Simple Passive. Модальный глагол + инфинитив.

The whole position can be clearly seen from the conscious perception of our intellective processes; it is true that these may persist, but they may just as easily pass in a flash. Модальный глагол + инфинитив.

Everything unconscious that behaves in this way, that can easily exchange the unconscious condition for the conscious one, is therefore better described as «capable of entering consciousness,» or as preconscious. Present Simple Passive.

There are other mental processes or mental material which have no such easy access to consciousness, but which must be inferred, discovered, and translated into conscious form in the manner that has been described. Модальный глагол + инфинитив. Present Perfect Passive.

Задание 7.